EGYPT LANDMARKS

10:30 PM | Posted by Massra

Coffin Texts These were inscriptions placed inside the
coffins of Egyptians, containing spells and incantations
intended to help the deceased on their journeys to the
hereafter. Developed in HERAKLEOPOLIS MAGNA in the
First Intermediate Period (2134–2040 B.C.E.), these texts

public banking institutions in all of the major cities, with
smaller agencies serving the rural areas as well. The central
bank was in ALEXANDRIA, but agencies in other areas
collected government revenues and handled loans to
farmers and businessmen. Thousands of Egyptians were
reportedly employed by these banks in order to keep
them functioning in diverse regions.

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10:20 PM | Posted by Massra

Buto (Tell el-Fara’un) A site south of TANIS in the
Delta, the capital of Lower Egypt in Predynastic times
called Pe, or Per-Wadjet, the House of WADJET, predynastic
tombs and some dating to the First Dynasty
(2900–2770 B.C.E.) were discovered in Buto, which
remained popular as the seat of power for the legendary
kings of Egypt’s Prehistoric Period (before 3000 B.C.E.).
In all main, festivals these rulers were portrayed as
the SOULS OF PE in Lower Egypt, and as the SOULS
OF NEKHEN (HIERAKONPOLIS) of Upper Egypt. These
legendary kings greeted each new claimant to the
throne during the coronation rituals and were called
upon to serve as the guardians of the land in each new
generation.
Buto was divided into Pe and Dep. Three mounds
remain on the site, two from the town and one a ruined
temple. RAMESSES II (r. 1290–1224 B.C.E.) donated various
objects as offerings, and SHOSHENQ V (r. 773–735 B.C.E.)
erected a stela there. The ruined mounds provide the

modern name of Buto, Tell el-Fara’un, “the Mound of the pharaohs.

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10:04 PM | Posted by Massra

Aswan This was the most southern city of ancient Egypt, lie  at the first cataract of the Nile. Called “the Southern Gate,” or swenet, which is translated as “conducting business,” Aswan became Syrene in the Greek ages,The city also served as a provincial headquarters for
the territories below the cataract, as viceroys of NUBIA (modern Sudan) used the ELEPHANTINE Island at Aswan as a residence in some reigns. The area is famous for red
granite, called syrenite. Settlements at Aswan date to predynastic times,
before the unification c. 3000 B.C.E. The tombs at Aswan include Sixth Dynasty (2323–2150 B.C.E.) sites. Of particular note are the tombs of Mekhu and SABNI. Mekhu died
south of Aswan, and his son, Sabni, recovered the body and brought it to Egypt for burial. PEPI II (r. 2246–2152 B.C.E.) gave mortuary gifts for the tomb, which contains rock pillared chambers and frescoes. HARKHUF, the faithful servant of Pepi II, is also buried there. The Middle Kingdom (2040–1640 B.C.E.) tombs of local nomarchs are also in the Aswan necropolis, most designated with long passages and ornamented with frescoes and reliefs.
The temple of KHNUM at Aswan and SATET’s temple demonstrate the ongoing concern of Egypt’s rulers for the city. The goddess Satet’s temple was erected by HATSHEPSUT
(r. 1473–1458 B.C.E.), who had reliefs and a granite niche installed. The temple of Khnum has additions made by RAMESSES II (r. 1290–1224 B.C.E.) and NECTANEBO
II (r. 360–343 B.C.E.). PHILAE’s temple, which was moved to the island of Agilkia to save it from the inundation caused by the High Aswan Dam, was supervised
from the city. In cultic terms, Aswan was the abode of the deities Khnum, Satet, and ANUKIS. The Nile god, HAPI (1), resided in a cave in the region, and one site was reserved,.as the grave of osiris. 
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10:02 PM | Posted by Mostafa Gad

There Are Many Landmarks in Egypt i will put it sequential
Cairo DownTown:

the downtown area of Cairo, covering the districts: Cairo Downtown - Almosqui - Caliph - Mukattam - Zainab. One of the oldest districts of Cairo was built by Khedive Ismail at the opening of the Suez Canal to be the interface of a honorable and Egypt have been planned and designed with the latest European styles of architecture and lighting were introduced in the streets before it enters the streets of Paris

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5:30 PM | Posted by Massra

Crocodilopolis An ancient Egyptian site, originally

called Shedet, then Arsinoe, and now Medinet el-Faiyum.

A tradition states that AHA (Menes; 2920 B.C.E.) founded

Crocodilopolis. The city served as the capital of the

FAIYUM and was the cultic center for the crocodile deity

SOBEK. An agricultural center watered by the BAHR YUSEF

(the Joseph River, honoring a local hero of Islam), the

city also had a shrine honoring the goddess RENENET. A

temple discovered on this site dates to the reign of AMENEMHET

III (1844–1797 B.C.E.), but it was probably finished

by him, having been started by SENWOSRET I (r.

1971–1926 B.C.E.). There is some speculation that the red

granite OBELISK at ABGIG was once part of this temple.

RAMESSES II (r. 1290–1224 B.C.E.) restored the temple of

Sobek. During the Ptolemaic Period (304–30 B.C.E.), the

city was named for Queen ARSINOE and served as an

important cultic center for Sobek. Visitors to the city fed

crocodiles nurtured there. There were various mines in

the area of Crocodilopolis, exploited throughout Egypt’s

history. The site also had a sacred lake and baths

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5:20 PM | Posted by Massra

Bastet A goddess of ancient Egypt, whose THEOPHANY

was the cat, Bastet’s cult center was at BUBASTIS. She was

the protector of pregnant women and was a pleasure loving

goddess who served as the patroness of music and

dance. Bastet was also believed to protect men from diseases

and demons. The goddess was considered the personification

of the warming rays of the sun on the Nile.

She was normally depicted as a woman with a cat’s head,

holding a SISTRUM and the symbol of life, the ANKH.

The goddess remained popular throughout Egypt

even to Roman times. Her festivals at Bubastis were

among the most well-attended celebrations in Egypt. People

set out in festooned barges, and music accompanied

all who made the pilgrimage to her shrine. The festival

was a time of pranks as well as another designated period,

of intoxication. A gigantic parade culminated the celebration,

and on that day few Egyptians were sober. Shrines

of the gods were erected in Rome, Ostia, Nemi, and Pompeii

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4:57 PM | Posted by Massra

Abu Ghurob A site north of ABUSIR and south of GIZA,

containing two sun temples dating to the Fifth Dynasty

(2465–2323 B.C.E.). The better preserved temple is the

northern one, erected by NIUSERRÉ Izi (r. 2416–2392

B.C.E.), and dedicated to RÉ, the solar deity of HELIOPOLIS.

An OBELISK was once part of the site, and inscriptions of

the royal HEB-SED ceremonies honoring the ruler’s threedecade

reign were removed from the site in the past. The

temple has a causeway, vestibule, and a large courtyard

for sacrifices. A chapel and a “Chamber of the Seasons”

are also part of the complex, and the remains of a SOLAR

BOAT, made of brick, were also found. The complex was

once called “the Pyramid of Righa.” The sun temple of

USERKHAF (r. 2465–2458 B.C.E.) is also in Abu Ghurob.

but is in ruins.

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1:39 PM | Posted by Massra

ABBOTT Papyrus A historical document used as a

record of the Twentieth Dynasty (1196–1070 B.C.E.) in

conjunction with the AMHERST PAPYRUS and accounts of

court proceedings of the era. Serious breaches of the religious

and civil codes were taking place at this time, as

royal tombs were being plundered and mummies mutilated

or destroyed. Such acts were viewed as sacrilege

rather than mere criminal adventures. Grave robbers were

thus condemned on religious as well as state levels. The

Abbott Papyrus documents the series of interrogations

and trials held in an effort to stem these criminal activities.

In the British Museum, London, the Abbott Papyrus

now offers detailed accounts of the trials and the uncovered

network of thieves.

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12:48 PM | Posted by Massra

WENI (fl. 2325–2275 BC). Royal official during the reigns of Teti, Pepy I, and Nemtyemsaf I of Dynasty 6, who rose to the position of governor of Upper Egypt. He is known from his autobiographical. inscription found at Abydos now housed in the Cairo Egyptian Museum. During his career, he managed quarrying expeditions to Tura and Hatnub, commanded a military expedition against Asiatic raiders, and was part of a royal inquiry into the conduct of a queen of Pepy.

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12:38 PM | Posted by Massra

ISIS. Greek name of the major female deity of Egypt, Egyptian Ast.

Daughter of Geb and Nut and consort of her brother, Osiris, mythological

ruler of Egypt. Following the murder of her husband by their

brother Seth, she assiduously collected the remains of Osiris and, according

to one version, was impregnated by him after death, if not before.

She fought tirelessly for the rights of her son, Horus, to succeed

to Egypt in opposition to Seth. This contest is reflected in the bawdy

tale The Contendings of Horus and Seth. The worship of Isis became

particularly strong during the Graeco-Roman Period, when Osiris

was displaced as her husband by the composite god Sarapis. Her cult

spread throughout the Roman Empire, being particularly attractive to

women. It was suppressed at the advent of Christianity.

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12:23 AM | Posted by Massra

Beit el-Wali Rock-cut temple on the west bank of the Nile in Lower Nubia, which was dedicated to Amun-Ra and founded in the reign OfRAMESES II (1279-1213 BC). The reliefs were copied by the German Egyptologist Giinrher Roeder in 1907, although casts were made by Robert Hay in the 1820s. The site was not comprehensively studied until the work of a joint expedition of the University of Chicago and the Swiss Institute in Cairo during the 19605. Soon afterwards, the temples at Beit el-Wali and nearby KALABSHA were moved to New Kalabsha, 45 km to the north, in order to save them from the rising waters of Lake tasser (see AS\VAN HIGH DAM). The reliefs include depictions of the siege of a Syrian city, the capture or a Nubian village and the bringing of Nubian tribute into the presence of the king, painted plaster casts of which are displayed in the collection of the British Museum

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12:12 AM | Posted by Massra

ATUM

Creator-god and solar deity of HELIOPOLlS, where he was gradually syncretized with the sun-god RA, to form lhe god Ra-Atum. According to the Heliopolitan theology, Atum caine into being before heaven and earth were separated, rising up from NUN, the waters of chaos, to form the PRIMEVAL MOUND. His name means 'the all', signifying his CREATION and summation of all that exists.

Atum's creation of the universe was conceptualized in terms ofa family of nine gods known as the Heliopolitan ENNEAD. Thus the two offspring of Atum, SHU (air) and TEFNUT (moisture), became the parents of GEB (earth) and NUT (sky), and the grandparents of OSIRIS, 1515, SETH and NEPI-ITHYS. Atum was said to have produced Shu and Tefnut by copulating with his hand or, according to other sources, spitting them into being. There has been some debate as to whether Arum's act of procreation constituted masturbation or copulation, in that his hand seems to have represented the female principle. Both Atum and his hand were therefore portrayed as a divine couple on coffins of the First Intermediate Period. Similarly, the title 'god's hand' was adopted by Theban priestesses supposedly married to the god AMUN.

Arum was regarded as a protective deilY, particularly associated with the rituals of kingship. It was Atum who lifted the dead king from his pyramid to the heavens in order to transform him into a star-god, and in later times he protected the deceased during the journey through the underworld.

He is usually depicted as an anthropomorphic deity often wearing the double crown. The animals particularly sacred to him were the lion, the bull, the ICHNEUMON and the lizard. while he was also believed to be manifested in the SCARAB, which emerged from its ball of dung just as ATUM appeared from the primeval mound. Sometimes he was portrayed in the essentially primordial form of a snake.

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