Showing posts with label HiSTORY. Show all posts
Showing posts with label HiSTORY. Show all posts

FOOD IN ANCIENT EGYPT.

NO ONE CAN DENY THAT FOOD THE MOST IMPORTANT  ITEM IN LIFE  WITHOUT FOOD ,WATER LIFE WILL BE  DESTROYED .
IN THE ANCIENT EGYPT  BREAD ,BEER WERE  THE CHIEF FOOD ,THEN THE DIFFERENT VEGETABLES  COMES AFTER IT  THEN DRIED FISH.
HERODOTUS ,HISTORIES SAYS ;-BREAD WAS MADE OF COARSE GRAIN CALLED CYLLESTIS ,ALSO THEIR DRINK WAS FROM BARLEY ,BECAUSE THERE WAS NO VINES IN COUNTRY ,THEY ATE RAW FISH WHICH PRESERVED IN SALT BRINE .

DRINKS;-1-WINE CALLED ''ERPI'',WINE WAS MIXED WITH  kinds of grape ,honey and fragrances ,in the ancient reign was used by rich people then it turned to all people ,then in the new reign the vast land of cultivation of grape has increased ,the production was preserved  in jars sealed carefully,also there were labels on the bottles wrote on it producers name and the year of production and quality.
also there was imported wines from SYRIA.
there was kind of wine called ''SHEDU'' made of highly alcoholic liquor.
2-BEER was called ''HENKET'' it was produced with wheat ,barley ,lightly sweetened with dates and fermented.
Vegetables ;-1-were in the second level in Egyptian menu after beer and bread .
2-garlic,scallions were used for medical needs . 
3-celery, lettuce were used as flavour stews or eaten raw
4-papyrus ,tubers of sedges were eaten ground into flour and were rich in nutrients 
5-legumes such as beans ,peas ,lentils, and chickpeas were important   source of  protein
6-olives were eaten raw  or pickled  but there is no evidence of  olive oil before Greece -Roman  age.
Fruits ;-1-the most common fruit was Dates,grapes, figs ,''dom palm nuts'' which steeped to make juice or eaten raw ,
2-Pomegranate which trees brought to Egypt from Armenia or Persia during or before new kingdom .
3-pears, peaches , cherries and almonds were not in Egypt before Roman age.
Meat ;-1-source of protein to build the body 
2-it was not eaten by destitute people because it was expensive 
3-Egyptians got meat from poultry like ducks,geese ,quail, chicken which arrived Egypt from 5th to 4th century B.C ,also from domesticated animals like sheep ,goats, pigs , cattle , but Beef was generally more expensive and available once or twice a week .
4-poultry , both wild and domestic and fish were available to all but the most destitute.

5-Egyptians ate mice and hedgehogs.
  

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Papyrus Ebers




 EBRES
The Ancient Egyptians wrote down their knowledge and this is found on what is known as the Papyrus Ebers: The document actually gives names to organs such as the spleen, the heart, the anus, the lungs etc so they must have known that these exist. One papyrus, the Edwin Smith Papyrus, has a detailed description of the brain in it so this organ was also well researched by the standards of the time. It is probable that this knowledge came as a result of the practice the Ancient Egyptians had of embalming dead bodies.





The Edwin Smith Papyrus is 5 meters long, and is chiefly concerned with surgery. It described 48 surgical cases of wounds of the head, neck, shoulders, breast and chest. Unfortunately, the scribe who copied it did not proceed further from the thorax, and it ended abruptly in the middle of a sentence. The papyrus listed the manifestations, followed by prescriptions to every individual case. It included a vast experience in fractures that can only be acquired at a site where accidents were extremely numerous, as during the building of the pyramids. The Ebers Papyrus is a huge roll of more than 20 meters long and 30 cm wide. It is chiefly an internal medicine reference, as well as diseases of the eye, skin, extremities, gynecology and some surgical diseases. Anatomical and physiological terminology are also included. For treatment of those diseases, 877 recipes and 400 drugs were described

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The BEE in ancient egypt




The BEE was a symbol of Lower Egypt. The royal titulary
“King of Upper and Lower Egypt” included the hieroglyph
for the bee. The SCARAB beetle in its form of Khephri,
was considered a theophany of the god RĂ©. The
image of a beetle pushing a ball of dung reminded the
Egyptians of the rising sun, thus the hieroglyph of a beetle
came to mean “to come into being.” The scarab beetle

was one of the most popular artistic images used in egypt.

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Gold In ANCiEnt EGypt








Gold
local  gold was processed into small items of jewellery as early
as the Predynastic age. through the Old Kingdom Egyptian
miners, helped by the local nomadic population, began
mining for gold in the eastern desert. Ancient Egyptian records
give details of the principal mines. The 'Gold of the Desert
from Koptos' was mined at many places near Wadi el Hammat,
Wadi Abbed, Wadi el-Fawakhir and Wadi Sid. An ancient
Egyptian sketch map of this area exists, showing the gold-mining
district. The hieratic captions describe the place of a gold
mine, with paths leading to the Red Sea, the miners' quarters, the
gold-bearing mountain areas and gold-washing stations .
This sketch map, drawn on a papyrus, dates from the New
Kingdom and is considered as the first map in history.
From the beginning of the Middle Kingdom the gold deposits
of northern Nubia were invest. Egyptian records tell of the
'Gold of Wawat', which was mined near Wadi Allaqi, Wadi elHudi
and between Buhen and Semna. The Egyptian effect on
Nubia developed quickly during the New Kingdom and another
gold-mining district was opened up south of the gold mines of
Wawat. Egyptian records  Indicated to the 'Gold of Kush' which was
mined in the area of Napata and Abu Hamed. In Egypt, the refine
metal was extracted both from alluvial gold found in surface
deposits and from sub-surface quartz gold.

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Abbott Papyrus


ABBOTT Papyrus A historical document used as a
record of the Twentieth Dynasty (1196–1070 B.C.E.) in
conjunction with the AMHERST PAPYRUS and accounts of
court proceedings of the era. Serious breaches of the religious
and civil codes were taking place at this time, as
royal tombs were being plundered and mummies mutilated
or destroyed. Such acts were viewed as sacrilege
rather than mere criminal adventures. Grave robbers were
thus condemned on religious as well as state levels. The
Abbott Papyrus documents the series of interrogations
and trials held in an effort to stem these criminal activities.
In the British Museum, London, the Abbott Papyrus
now offers detailed accounts of the trials and the uncovered
network of thieves.

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Ahmose nefertary



Ahmose nefertary. (c.1 570-1 505 BC) Perhaps the most influential of the New Kingdom royal women, whose political and religious titles, like those of her grandmother TETISHERI and mother AI-IHOTEP I, have helped to illuminate the various new political roles adopted by women in the early 18th Dynasty (see QUEENS). Born in the early sixteenth century BC, she was described as mwl nesw Cking's mother') in relation to her son AMENHOTEP T and hemel nesw werel Cking's principal wife') in relation to her brother and husband AI-IMOSE 1. She was also the first royal woman to have the title hemet netjer (see GOD'S WIFE OF AMUN) bestowed upon her, an act which was described in Ahmose I'S Stele of Donations in.
the temple of Amun at Karnak. This title was the one most frequently used by Ahmosc Nefertari, and it was later passed on to sc\-eral of her female descendants. including her own daughter Meritamun and Queen IIATSIIEPSLT (1473-1458 BC), It was once interpreted as an 'heiress' epithet, marking out the woman whom the king must marry to legitimize his claim to the throne, but it is now considered to have been simply a priestly office relating to the cult of Amun (carrying with it entitlemcnt to an agricultural estate and personnel), which was to acquire greater political importance during the Late Period.
There is considerable textual evidence for Ahmose Nefertari's involvement in the cult of Amun as well as her participation in the quarrying and building projects undertaken by her husband. One stele even documents the fact that Ahmose 1 sought her approval before erecting a cenotaph for TETISHERJ at Abydos. She seems to have outlived him by a considerable period, apparently serving as regent during the early years of Amenhotep I'S reign. An inscription of the first year of the reign of his successor, THUTMOSE I, suggests that she was probably still alive even after the death of her son. She became the object of a posthumous religious cult, sometimes linked with that of Amenhotep I, particularly in connection with the workmen's village at OEIR EL-MEDINA, which they were considered to have jointly rounded. More than fifty of the Theban tombs of private individuals include inscriptions mentioning her name.

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agriculture



agriculture The fundamental importance of agriculture in Egypr is attested from early times) with the development of land surveying as a means of re-determining land boundaries after the annual INUI\OATION had deposited its load of silt on the fields, and also the measuring of areas of land for TAXATION purposes. Scenes of government surveyors measuring agricultural land are known from the decoration of many tomb chapels such as that of menna,an
18th-Dynasty Theban official (TT69).
The development of the CALENOAR itself was linked to careful observation of the agriculwral year, the seasons being named in accordance with stages of the annual Nile cycle. Flooding began in mid-June, the time of the New Year, and maximum depth was usually reached by mid-August, although the exact timing varied from north to south. The reach of the ile was extended by the digging of irrigation canals which could also be used for moving water at times of low Oood. Canals are first attested in the Early Dynastic period and it is likely that the reliefs on the macehead of King SCORPION show the use of irrigation in the late PREDYNASTIC PERIOD. As soon as the inundation began to subside the farmers blocked canals in order to retain the water, which was not released for a further month and a half. In October or November the seed was broadcast by hand and then trampled in by sheep and goats (as well as pigs, according to Herodotus).
The principal crop was grain, including barley (Hordeum; particularly the six-rowed variety) and three types of wheat: emmer (Triticum dicocC/lm), einkorn (Triticum m01l0coccum) and spelt (Triticum spelta). These were used to make bread and beer, the two great staples of Egyptian life. The rich soil could support ar least two crops a year, but if a second was desired, during the summer.

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NAQADA.

NAQADA. Modern name for ancient Nubt, Greek Ombos. A site in Upper Egypt north of Thebes where important remains from the late Predynastic Period were excavated by Flinders Petrie in 1895. The name is now used to denote the final phase of predynastic culture, divided into the periods Naqada I (c. 3900–3600 BC); Naqada II (c. 3600–3200 BC), which is best attested by its painted designs on pottery; and Naqada III (c. 3200–3100 BC), when the elements of kingship (Dynasty 0) and writing are first discernible. See also ADAIMA; GERZEH; KAFR HASSAN DAOUD; MINSHAT ABU OMAR; TELL EL-FARKHA; TELL IBRAHIM AWAD.

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HYKSOS


HYKSOS. The Greek form of the Egyptian Heka Khasut, “ruler of foreign
lands.” This title was used by the Egyptians for the various Asiatic
chieftains in Palestine and Syria. The later derivation of “shepherd
kings” is erroneous. The Egyptians were always wary of Asiatic
encroachment, and during Dynasty 12 Amenemhat I built a wall to
exclude unwanted Asiatics. Nevertheless, some immigration was permitted
as an Asiatic settlement grew up around Avaris, and Asiatic
travelers are depicted at Beni Hasan. During the Second Intermediate
Period, large numbers of Asiatics settled in Egypt and eventually
took over most of the country, founding the Hyksos Dynasty 15 and
adopting many of the attributes of Egyptian rulers. Thebes apparently
became a vassal state but ultimately rebelled and succeeded in
capturing the Hyksos capital at Avaris and driving them from Egypt

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HEMIUNU




HEMIUNU (fl. 2600-2560 BC). Egyptian prince of the Old Kingdom.
Probably identified with a like-named son of Nefermaat. He served
as vizier under Khufu. He was buried in a mastaba tomb at Giza. It
is speculated that he may have been in charge of the construction of
the Great Pyramid. A statue from his tomb is now housed in the
Pelizaeus Museum in Hildesheim, Germany


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HARRIS PAPYRUS

HARRIS PAPYRUS. Also known as Great Harris Papyrus or Papyrus
Harris I. It was acquired by collector Anthony Charles Harris
(1790–1869) from illicit excavations at Thebes in 1855, possibly at

Deir el-Medina. It is an account written during the reign of
Ramesses IV of the state of Egypt and its temples during the reign
of his father, Ramesses III, which the new king inherited. A historical
summary describes in general terms the rise of Dynasty 20 under
his grandfather, Sethnakhte. The papyrus is now housed in the
British Museum


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CHRONOLOGY

CHRONOLOGY. The ancient Egyptian calendar consisted of a year of
360 days divided into the three seasons akhet (flood), peret (sowing)
and shemu (harvest), plus five extra days at the end of the year. Each
season was comprised of four months of 30 days and was in turn divided
into three weeks of 10 days of 24 hours split between night and
day. Because the calendar did not include the extra one-quarter day
of the earth’s rotation, the civil calendar gradually diverged from the
solar year so that the months moved, and the two only harmonized
briefly every 1,460 years. The solar year was measured from the annual
rising of the star Sirius, which becomes visible around July of
each year in the modern calendar.
A third calendar used for administrative purposes was the regnal
year initially based on the biennial cattle count during the Old Kingdom
and from the Middle Kingdom onward the king’s actual years,
although his first year was foreshortened, so the beginning of his second
might coincide with the beginning of the civil year. This practice
was abandoned during the New Kingdom when the full regnal year was
dated from the king’s accession, but calculation of the regnal year reverted
to the old system during the Late Period. Thus three different
dating systems—solar, civil, and regnal—were used during the New
Kingdom.
The conversion of Egyptian dates to the modern Julian calendar is
not exact. Dating from the Late Period is fixed by synchronisms
with Assyrian, Persian, Greek, and Roman dating systems. It is
known that the solar and civil calendars coincided in 139 AD, thus
the previous coincidence would have occurred 1,460 years earlier—
the period being known as a Sothic cycle—but the use of astronomical
references to the rising of the star Sirius are too unclear to be of
use. The most effective method for determining chronology is
through use of the detailed king lists known from such documents as

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