EGYPT LANDMARKS

FOOD IN ANCIENT EGYPT.

2009-11-20T19:11:00.000+02:00

NO ONE CAN DENY THAT FOOD THE MOST IMPORTANT ITEM IN LIFE WITHOUT FOOD ,WATER LIFE WILL BE DESTROYED .
IN THE ANCIENT EGYPT BREAD ,BEER WERE THE CHIEF FOOD ,THEN THE DIFFERENT VEGETABLES COMES AFTER IT THEN DRIED FISH.
HERODOTUS ,HISTORIES SAYS ;-BREAD WAS MADE OF COARSE GRAIN CALLED CYLLESTIS ,ALSO THEIR DRINK WAS FROM BARLEY ,BECAUSE THERE WAS NO VINES IN COUNTRY ,THEY ATE RAW FISH WHICH PRESERVED IN SALT BRINE .

DRINKS;-1-WINE CALLED ''ERPI'',WINE WAS MIXED WITH kinds of grape ,honey and fragrances ,in the ancient reign was used by rich people then it turned to all people ,then in the new reign the vast land of cultivation of grape has increased ,the production was preserved in jars sealed carefully,also there were labels on the bottles wrote on it producers name and the year of production and quality.
also there was imported wines from SYRIA.
there was kind of wine called ''SHEDU'' made of highly alcoholic liquor.
2-BEER was called ''HENKET'' it was produced with wheat ,barley ,lightly sweetened with dates and fermented.
Vegetables ;-1-were in the second level in Egyptian menu after beer and bread .
2-garlic,scallions were used for medical needs .
3-celery, lettuce were used as flavour stews or eaten raw
4-papyrus ,tubers of sedges were eaten ground into flour and were rich in nutrients
5-legumes such as beans ,peas ,lentils, and chickpeas were important source of protein
6-olives were eaten raw or pickled but there is no evidence of olive oil before Greece -Roman age.
Fruits ;-1-the most common fruit was Dates,grapes, figs ,''dom palm nuts'' which steeped to make juice or eaten raw ,
2-Pomegranate which trees brought to Egypt from Armenia or Persia during or before new kingdom .
3-pears, peaches , cherries and almonds were not in Egypt before Roman age.
Meat ;-1-source of protein to build the body
2-it was not eaten by destitute people because it was expensive
3-Egyptians got meat from poultry like ducks,geese ,quail, chicken which arrived Egypt from 5th to 4th century B.C ,also from domesticated animals like sheep ,goats, pigs , cattle , but Beef was generally more expensive and available once or twice a week .
4-poultry , both wild and domestic and fish were available to all but the most destitute.

5-Egyptians ate mice and hedgehogs.

Secret Of The Pyramids

2009-10-28T12:20:00.000+02:00

60 Minutes (Australia) Presents: Secret Of The Pyramids Reporter: Tara Brown Archeologist: John Romer

Part 1

Part 2

Hidden secrets from the Ancient past

2009-10-28T12:15:00.000+02:00

Secrets from Ancient Egypt

2009-10-28T12:12:00.000+02:00

Watch incredible things not seen on TV! My documentary is about a visit to the ancient sites with Emmy award winner and symbolist expert John West. I promise, you've never seen Egypt like this before; the sophistication and skill from the Ancients is beyond amazing

Papyrus Ebers

2009-10-26T17:25:00.000+02:00

EBRES
The Ancient Egyptians wrote down their knowledge and this is found on what is known as the Papyrus Ebers: The document actually gives names to organs such as the spleen, the heart, the anus, the lungs etc so they must have known that these exist. One papyrus, the Edwin Smith Papyrus, has a detailed description of the brain in it so this organ was also well researched by the standards of the time. It is probable that this knowledge came as a result of the practice the Ancient Egyptians had of embalming dead bodies.

The Edwin Smith Papyrus is 5 meters long, and is chiefly concerned with surgery. It described 48 surgical cases of wounds of the head, neck, shoulders, breast and chest. Unfortunately, the scribe who copied it did not proceed further from the thorax, and it ended abruptly in the middle of a sentence. The papyrus listed the manifestations, followed by prescriptions to every individual case. It included a vast experience in fractures that can only be acquired at a site where accidents were extremely numerous, as during the building of the pyramids. The Ebers Papyrus is a huge roll of more than 20 meters long and 30 cm wide. It is chiefly an internal medicine reference, as well as diseases of the eye, skin, extremities, gynecology and some surgical diseases. Anatomical and physiological terminology are also included. For treatment of those diseases, 877 recipes and 400 drugs were described

Ibn Tulun Mosque

2009-10-21T14:06:00.000+02:00

Ibn Tulun mosque: is hosted by Ahmed Ibn Tulun in 263 AH. Ahmad ibn Tulun spent 120 thousand dinars in the construction, engineering matters were interested in building the mosque. Minaret of the mosque minaret is the oldest found in Egypt. Is the Mosque of Ibn Tulun mosque in Egypt, who defeated only by the model minaret of Samarra, where Helicobacter listed. The Sultan of Agen enter some reforms in, and was appointed to a range of manufacturers, and industry is the hour that leads the Dome of the strands a small number of hours of day and night slot, if the hour past, which is the country turned the energy for that hour and so on, and back again each time. During the reign of the Ayyubid Mosque of Ibn Tulun became a university teaching the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence, as well as modern medicine along with the education of orphans. Toulon is one of the Mameluke Turks who Ohdahm factor Bukhara to Caliph al-Mamun, and served in the royal court Abbasid until he reached the ranks of princes, and raised his son, Ahmed Ibn Tulun - the emergence of the princes. When he took Bakpak Emirate of Egypt by the Abbasid Caliph al-Ahmed turns him in and introduced her to the year 254 AH = AD 868, and then happened that took Egypt DIET Prince Majoor after the death of Bakpak approved by them on its mandate. The mandate of Ibn Tulun in Egypt, the first is limited to Fustat only, and is the abscess was entrusted to the son of the director, Ahmed is still expanding its influence in Egypt and covered all his power and take charge of the abscess and expanded to the Levant and gently founding Tulunid state that ruled Egypt for a year 254 to 292 AH = 868 to 905 AD and died in 270 AH = 884 Meter and the importance of Ahmad ibn Tulun, it is the shift that Antqltha Egypt from the state affiliated with the Abbasid Caliphate to the state of autonomy.

Manesterly Palace

2009-10-21T13:53:00.000+02:00

Manesterly Palace ancient palace is an architectural masterpiece built on an area of 1000 meter on the island of Rawda, Cairo Is the remnant of a building construction has created Hassan Fouad Pasha Manesterly In (1851 / 1267 e), which is due to the home Manstr Macedonia The Egyptian government seized the palace in 1951 as the impact the historical and renovated and restored, and the palace now hosts major cultural festivals. And held by the concerts, and there is a museum by the singer Umm Kulthum Egypt also receives guests from around the world

Stanley Bridge , Alexandria

2009-10-21T13:43:00.000+02:00

is a bridge was built to improve traffic flow on the Corniche of Alexandria in the Stanley district, east of Alexandria. Bridge from the implementation of the Arab Contractors Company.
Characterized by the beauty of the bridge design is similar to designs where the royal palaces in the whole, is also distinguished by the lighting has contributed to raising the level of the region. It has been shown in the bridge information in many films addition to advertising communications company.

The BEE in ancient egypt

2009-10-16T22:30:00.001+02:00

The BEE was a symbol of Lower Egypt. The royal titulary
“King of Upper and Lower Egypt” included the hieroglyph
for the bee. The SCARAB beetle in its form of Khephri,
was considered a theophany of the god Ré. The
image of a beetle pushing a ball of dung reminded the
Egyptians of the rising sun, thus the hieroglyph of a beetle
came to mean “to come into being.” The scarab beetle

was one of the most popular artistic images used in egypt.

REPTILES in ancient egypt

2009-10-16T21:08:00.001+02:00

REPTILES
The turtle, Shetiu, was regarded indication of the
harmful deities and was described throughout Egyptian
history as the enemy of the god Ré. The crocodile was
sacred to the god SOBEK, worshiped in temples in the
FAIYUM and at KOM OMBO in Upper Egypt. The cobra,
WADJET, was considered an emblem of royalty and throne
power. The cobra was also the guardian of Lower Egypt,
with a special shrine at BUTO.
Snakes were symbols of new life and resurrection
because they shed their skins. One enormous snake, METHEN,
guarded the sacred boat of Ré each night, as the god journeyed
without end through the HEll. APOPHIS,
another charming snake, attacked Ré each night. Frogs
were symbols of reproductivity and resurrection and were members
of the OGDOAD at HELIOPOLIS. The scorpion was considered
a helper of the goddess Isis and was deified as
SELKET.

CoSMOGONY

2009-10-16T18:50:00.002+02:00

cosmogony This was the base of creation traditions of
Egypt, legends that supposed political and religious significance
in each new age of the nation. The number and
variety of these myths provide insight into the development
of Egyptian spiritual values and clearly delineate
the development of certain divine cults.
To start with, the ancient people of the Nile did not
interest themselves with doctrinal or theological purity
and accuracy, but they did stick to a logical advancement
in issues of religious importance Spiritual consciousness
and acompatible unity, both in the person
and in the nation, were elements that kept Egyptians
protect and fix. Their religious ambition were cultic
in nature, dependent upon ritual and celebration, upon
renewed indication of ideals and values. Dogmas or
doctrines did not concern the usual individuals
specifically. In fact, the Egyptians were unpleasant
and reasonable development. It was enough for them to
see the god, to hear his or her concerns for the land, and
to mirror the cosmic harmony that their astronomical
abilities had gathered for them in the sky.
There were basic systems of creation theology in all
times of Egypt’s development. They were found at
HELIOPOLIS, HERMOPOLIS MAGNA, MEMPHIS, and THEBES.
Other local temples provided their own cosmogonic
information, but the four major ones provided the framework
for spiritual evolution in Egypt.
The basic tenets of these cosmological systems were
twofold: (1) the universe was once a primordial ocean
called NUN or Nu; (2) a primeval hill arose to bring life
out of confusion and darkness. The cosmogonic belief of the
city of Heliopolis are available in the PYRAMID TEXTS of
the Old Kingdom but are reduce and appear to make reference
to what was common knowledge of the time. In this
creation story the god ATUM appear from the watery
chaos called Nun. Atum made his first appearance on the
hill that became the great temple at Heliopolis. By 2300
B.C.E., the god Atum was recogonized with RÉ, becoming
Ré-Atum, symbolized by the BENBEN or a SCARAB. Ré-
Atum began making the other divine beings of Egypt
through masturbation. SHU, his son, was then spit out of

his mouth, and Ré-Atum vomited out TEFNUT.

Soldering in ancient egypt

2009-10-16T16:57:00.002+02:00

Soldering
The nozzles of libation vessels or pitcher, as well as the specially
formed feet, necks and handles of vessels, were made separately
and had to be clinging to the body of the vessel by riveting,
clamping or soldering. Examination of the tools shows that
Egyptian smiths applied hard soldering with mix metals , united
above 427 C (800 F). Our present knowledge show that the
technique of soldering was known in Egypt by the Fourth
Dynasty, though Sumerian metal workers practised hard soldering much
earlier. Thus there is proof of Sumerian effect on the
development of soldering in the Old Kingdom. From the Twelfth
Dynasty different combinations of gold, silver and copper were used
to produce solders of different colours and melting points.
Natron, a naturally occurring salt, may have been used as flux.
Lead-tin solders joined below 427 C (800 F) were known from the
Ptolemaic Period. The process of soldering was carried out incharcoal fireplaces or braziers. The workpieces to be soldered were held together by tongs

Gold In ANCiEnt EGypt

2009-10-15T21:56:00.000+02:00

Gold
local gold was processed into small items of jewellery as early
as the Predynastic age. through the Old Kingdom Egyptian
miners, helped by the local nomadic population, began
mining for gold in the eastern desert. Ancient Egyptian records
give details of the principal mines. The 'Gold of the Desert
from Koptos' was mined at many places near Wadi el Hammat,
Wadi Abbed, Wadi el-Fawakhir and Wadi Sid. An ancient
Egyptian sketch map of this area exists, showing the gold-mining
district. The hieratic captions describe the place of a gold
mine, with paths leading to the Red Sea, the miners' quarters, the
gold-bearing mountain areas and gold-washing stations .
This sketch map, drawn on a papyrus, dates from the New
Kingdom and is considered as the first map in history.
From the beginning of the Middle Kingdom the gold deposits
of northern Nubia were invest. Egyptian records tell of the
'Gold of Wawat', which was mined near Wadi Allaqi, Wadi elHudi
and between Buhen and Semna. The Egyptian effect on
Nubia developed quickly during the New Kingdom and another
gold-mining district was opened up south of the gold mines of
Wawat. Egyptian records Indicated to the 'Gold of Kush' which was
mined in the area of Napata and Abu Hamed. In Egypt, the refine
metal was extracted both from alluvial gold found in surface
deposits and from sub-surface quartz gold.

Coffin Texts

2009-10-14T22:30:00.000+02:00

Coffin Texts These were inscriptions placed inside the
coffins of Egyptians, containing spells and incantations
intended to help the deceased on their journeys to the
hereafter. Developed in HERAKLEOPOLIS MAGNA in the
First Intermediate Period (2134–2040 B.C.E.), these texts

public banking institutions in all of the major cities, with
smaller agencies serving the rural areas as well. The central
bank was in ALEXANDRIA, but agencies in other areas
collected government revenues and handled loans to
farmers and businessmen. Thousands of Egyptians were
reportedly employed by these banks in order to keep
them functioning in diverse regions.

BUTO

2009-10-14T22:20:00.000+02:00

Buto (Tell el-Fara’un) A site south of TANIS in the
Delta, the capital of Lower Egypt in Predynastic times
called Pe, or Per-Wadjet, the House of WADJET, predynastic
tombs and some dating to the First Dynasty
(2900–2770 B.C.E.) were discovered in Buto, which
remained popular as the seat of power for the legendary
kings of Egypt’s Prehistoric Period (before 3000 B.C.E.).
In all main, festivals these rulers were portrayed as
the SOULS OF PE in Lower Egypt, and as the SOULS
OF NEKHEN (HIERAKONPOLIS) of Upper Egypt. These
legendary kings greeted each new claimant to the
throne during the coronation rituals and were called
upon to serve as the guardians of the land in each new
generation.
Buto was divided into Pe and Dep. Three mounds
remain on the site, two from the town and one a ruined
temple. RAMESSES II (r. 1290–1224 B.C.E.) donated various
objects as offerings, and SHOSHENQ V (r. 773–735 B.C.E.)
erected a stela there. The ruined mounds provide the

modern name of Buto, Tell el-Fara’un, “the Mound of the pharaohs.

Aswan

2009-10-14T22:04:00.001+02:00

Aswan This was the most southern city of ancient Egypt, lie at the first cataract of the Nile. Called “the Southern Gate,” or swenet, which is translated as “conducting business,” Aswan became Syrene in the Greek ages,The city also served as a provincial headquarters for
the territories below the cataract, as viceroys of NUBIA (modern Sudan) used the ELEPHANTINE Island at Aswan as a residence in some reigns. The area is famous for red
granite, called syrenite. Settlements at Aswan date to predynastic times,
before the unification c. 3000 B.C.E. The tombs at Aswan include Sixth Dynasty (2323–2150 B.C.E.) sites. Of particular note are the tombs of Mekhu and SABNI. Mekhu died
south of Aswan, and his son, Sabni, recovered the body and brought it to Egypt for burial. PEPI II (r. 2246–2152 B.C.E.) gave mortuary gifts for the tomb, which contains rock pillared chambers and frescoes. HARKHUF, the faithful servant of Pepi II, is also buried there. The Middle Kingdom (2040–1640 B.C.E.) tombs of local nomarchs are also in the Aswan necropolis, most designated with long passages and ornamented with frescoes and reliefs.
The temple of KHNUM at Aswan and SATET’s temple demonstrate the ongoing concern of Egypt’s rulers for the city. The goddess Satet’s temple was erected by HATSHEPSUT
(r. 1473–1458 B.C.E.), who had reliefs and a granite niche installed. The temple of Khnum has additions made by RAMESSES II (r. 1290–1224 B.C.E.) and NECTANEBO
II (r. 360–343 B.C.E.). PHILAE’s temple, which was moved to the island of Agilkia to save it from the inundation caused by the High Aswan Dam, was supervised
from the city. In cultic terms, Aswan was the abode of the deities Khnum, Satet, and ANUKIS. The Nile god, HAPI (1), resided in a cave in the region, and one site was reserved,.as the grave of osiris.
.

Landmarks In Egypt (1) Cairo DownTown

2009-10-14T22:02:00.002+02:00

There Are Many Landmarks in Egypt i will put it sequential
Cairo DownTown:

the downtown area of Cairo, covering the districts: Cairo Downtown - Almosqui - Caliph - Mukattam - Zainab. One of the oldest districts of Cairo was built by Khedive Ismail at the opening of the Suez Canal to be the interface of a honorable and Egypt have been planned and designed with the latest European styles of architecture and lighting were introduced in the streets before it enters the streets of Paris

Crocodilopolis

2009-10-14T17:30:00.003+02:00

Crocodilopolis An ancient Egyptian site, originally

called Shedet, then Arsinoe, and now Medinet el-Faiyum.

A tradition states that AHA (Menes; 2920 B.C.E.) founded

Crocodilopolis. The city served as the capital of the

FAIYUM and was the cultic center for the crocodile deity

SOBEK. An agricultural center watered by the BAHR YUSEF

(the Joseph River, honoring a local hero of Islam), the

city also had a shrine honoring the goddess RENENET. A

temple discovered on this site dates to the reign of AMENEMHET

III (1844–1797 B.C.E.), but it was probably finished

by him, having been started by SENWOSRET I (r.

1971–1926 B.C.E.). There is some speculation that the red

granite OBELISK at ABGIG was once part of this temple.

RAMESSES II (r. 1290–1224 B.C.E.) restored the temple of

Sobek. During the Ptolemaic Period (304–30 B.C.E.), the

city was named for Queen ARSINOE and served as an

important cultic center for Sobek. Visitors to the city fed

crocodiles nurtured there. There were various mines in

the area of Crocodilopolis, exploited throughout Egypt’s

history. The site also had a sacred lake and baths

Bastet

2009-10-14T17:20:00.002+02:00

Bastet A goddess of ancient Egypt, whose THEOPHANY

was the cat, Bastet’s cult center was at BUBASTIS. She was

the protector of pregnant women and was a pleasure loving

goddess who served as the patroness of music and

dance. Bastet was also believed to protect men from diseases

and demons. The goddess was considered the personification

of the warming rays of the sun on the Nile.

She was normally depicted as a woman with a cat’s head,

holding a SISTRUM and the symbol of life, the ANKH.

The goddess remained popular throughout Egypt

even to Roman times. Her festivals at Bubastis were

among the most well-attended celebrations in Egypt. People

set out in festooned barges, and music accompanied

all who made the pilgrimage to her shrine. The festival

was a time of pranks as well as another designated period,

of intoxication. A gigantic parade culminated the celebration,

and on that day few Egyptians were sober. Shrines

of the gods were erected in Rome, Ostia, Nemi, and Pompeii

Abu Ghurob

2009-10-14T16:57:00.003+02:00

Abu Ghurob A site north of ABUSIR and south of GIZA,

containing two sun temples dating to the Fifth Dynasty

(2465–2323 B.C.E.). The better preserved temple is the

northern one, erected by NIUSERRÉ Izi (r. 2416–2392

B.C.E.), and dedicated to RÉ, the solar deity of HELIOPOLIS.

An OBELISK was once part of the site, and inscriptions of

the royal HEB-SED ceremonies honoring the ruler’s threedecade

reign were removed from the site in the past. The

temple has a causeway, vestibule, and a large courtyard

for sacrifices. A chapel and a “Chamber of the Seasons”

are also part of the complex, and the remains of a SOLAR

BOAT, made of brick, were also found. The complex was

once called “the Pyramid of Righa.” The sun temple of

USERKHAF (r. 2465–2458 B.C.E.) is also in Abu Ghurob.

but is in ruins.

Abbott Papyrus

2009-10-14T13:39:00.003+02:00

ABBOTT Papyrus A historical document used as a

record of the Twentieth Dynasty (1196–1070 B.C.E.) in

conjunction with the AMHERST PAPYRUS and accounts of

court proceedings of the era. Serious breaches of the religious

and civil codes were taking place at this time, as

royal tombs were being plundered and mummies mutilated

or destroyed. Such acts were viewed as sacrilege

rather than mere criminal adventures. Grave robbers were

thus condemned on religious as well as state levels. The

Abbott Papyrus documents the series of interrogations

and trials held in an effort to stem these criminal activities.

In the British Museum, London, the Abbott Papyrus

now offers detailed accounts of the trials and the uncovered

network of thieves.

WENI

2009-10-14T12:48:00.004+02:00

WENI (fl. 2325–2275 BC). Royal official during the reigns of Teti, Pepy I, and Nemtyemsaf I of Dynasty 6, who rose to the position of governor of Upper Egypt. He is known from his autobiographical. inscription found at Abydos now housed in the Cairo Egyptian Museum. During his career, he managed quarrying expeditions to Tura and Hatnub, commanded a military expedition against Asiatic raiders, and was part of a royal inquiry into the conduct of a queen of Pepy.

ISIS.

2009-10-14T12:38:00.003+02:00

ISIS. Greek name of the major female deity of Egypt, Egyptian Ast.

Daughter of Geb and Nut and consort of her brother, Osiris, mythological

ruler of Egypt. Following the murder of her husband by their

brother Seth, she assiduously collected the remains of Osiris and, according

to one version, was impregnated by him after death, if not before.

She fought tirelessly for the rights of her son, Horus, to succeed

to Egypt in opposition to Seth. This contest is reflected in the bawdy

tale The Contendings of Horus and Seth. The worship of Isis became

particularly strong during the Graeco-Roman Period, when Osiris

was displaced as her husband by the composite god Sarapis. Her cult

spread throughout the Roman Empire, being particularly attractive to

women. It was suppressed at the advent of Christianity.

Beit el-Wali Rock-cut temple

2009-10-14T00:23:00.003+02:00

Beit el-Wali Rock-cut temple on the west bank of the Nile in Lower Nubia, which was dedicated to Amun-Ra and founded in the reign OfRAMESES II (1279-1213 BC). The reliefs were copied by the German Egyptologist Giinrher Roeder in 1907, although casts were made by Robert Hay in the 1820s. The site was not comprehensively studied until the work of a joint expedition of the University of Chicago and the Swiss Institute in Cairo during the 19605. Soon afterwards, the temples at Beit el-Wali and nearby KALABSHA were moved to New Kalabsha, 45 km to the north, in order to save them from the rising waters of Lake tasser (see AS\VAN HIGH DAM). The reliefs include depictions of the siege of a Syrian city, the capture or a Nubian village and the bringing of Nubian tribute into the presence of the king, painted plaster casts of which are displayed in the collection of the British Museum

ATUM

2009-10-14T00:12:00.004+02:00

ATUM

Creator-god and solar deity of HELIOPOLlS, where he was gradually syncretized with the sun-god RA, to form lhe god Ra-Atum. According to the Heliopolitan theology, Atum caine into being before heaven and earth were separated, rising up from NUN, the waters of chaos, to form the PRIMEVAL MOUND. His name means 'the all', signifying his CREATION and summation of all that exists.

Atum's creation of the universe was conceptualized in terms ofa family of nine gods known as the Heliopolitan ENNEAD. Thus the two offspring of Atum, SHU (air) and TEFNUT (moisture), became the parents of GEB (earth) and NUT (sky), and the grandparents of OSIRIS, 1515, SETH and NEPI-ITHYS. Atum was said to have produced Shu and Tefnut by copulating with his hand or, according to other sources, spitting them into being. There has been some debate as to whether Arum's act of procreation constituted masturbation or copulation, in that his hand seems to have represented the female principle. Both Atum and his hand were therefore portrayed as a divine couple on coffins of the First Intermediate Period. Similarly, the title 'god's hand' was adopted by Theban priestesses supposedly married to the god AMUN.

Arum was regarded as a protective deilY, particularly associated with the rituals of kingship. It was Atum who lifted the dead king from his pyramid to the heavens in order to transform him into a star-god, and in later times he protected the deceased during the journey through the underworld.

He is usually depicted as an anthropomorphic deity often wearing the double crown. The animals particularly sacred to him were the lion, the bull, the ICHNEUMON and the lizard. while he was also believed to be manifested in the SCARAB, which emerged from its ball of dung just as ATUM appeared from the primeval mound. Sometimes he was portrayed in the essentially primordial form of a snake.

AKH

2009-10-13T23:54:00.003+02:00

AKH

One of the five principal elements which the Egyplians considered necessary to make up a complete personality, the other [OUf being the KA, OA, NAME and SHADOW. The akh was believed to be the form in which the blessed dead inhabited the underworld, and also the result of the successful reunion of the ba with its ka. Once the akh had been created by this reunion, it was regarded as enduring and unchanging for eternity. Although the physical form of the aRIz was usually portrayed as a sHABTI-like mummiform figure, the word akh was written with the sign of the so-called cresled IBIS .

Ahmose nefertary

2009-10-13T23:39:00.004+02:00

Ahmose nefertary. (c.1 570-1 505 BC) Perhaps the most influential of the New Kingdom royal women, whose political and religious titles, like those of her grandmother TETISHERI and mother AI-IHOTEP I, have helped to illuminate the various new political roles adopted by women in the early 18th Dynasty (see QUEENS). Born in the early sixteenth century BC, she was described as mwl nesw Cking's mother') in relation to her son AMENHOTEP T and hemel nesw werel Cking's principal wife') in relation to her brother and husband AI-IMOSE 1. She was also the first royal woman to have the title hemet netjer (see GOD'S WIFE OF AMUN) bestowed upon her, an act which was described in Ahmose I'S Stele of Donations in.

the temple of Amun at Karnak. This title was the one most frequently used by Ahmosc Nefertari, and it was later passed on to sc\-eral of her female descendants. including her own daughter Meritamun and Queen IIATSIIEPSLT (1473-1458 BC), It was once interpreted as an 'heiress' epithet, marking out the woman whom the king must marry to legitimize his claim to the throne, but it is now considered to have been simply a priestly office relating to the cult of Amun (carrying with it entitlemcnt to an agricultural estate and personnel), which was to acquire greater political importance during the Late Period.

There is considerable textual evidence for Ahmose Nefertari's involvement in the cult of Amun as well as her participation in the quarrying and building projects undertaken by her husband. One stele even documents the fact that Ahmose 1 sought her approval before erecting a cenotaph for TETISHERJ at Abydos. She seems to have outlived him by a considerable period, apparently serving as regent during the early years of Amenhotep I'S reign. An inscription of the first year of the reign of his successor, THUTMOSE I, suggests that she was probably still alive even after the death of her son. She became the object of a posthumous religious cult, sometimes linked with that of Amenhotep I, particularly in connection with the workmen's village at OEIR EL-MEDINA, which they were considered to have jointly rounded. More than fifty of the Theban tombs of private individuals include inscriptions mentioning her name.

agriculture

2009-10-13T23:21:00.006+02:00

agriculture The fundamental importance of agriculture in Egypr is attested from early times) with the development of land surveying as a means of re-determining land boundaries after the annual INUI\OATION had deposited its load of silt on the fields, and also the measuring of areas of land for TAXATION purposes. Scenes of government surveyors measuring agricultural land are known from the decoration of many tomb chapels such as that of menna,an

18th-Dynasty Theban official (TT69).

The development of the CALENOAR itself was linked to careful observation of the agriculwral year, the seasons being named in accordance with stages of the annual Nile cycle. Flooding began in mid-June, the time of the New Year, and maximum depth was usually reached by mid-August, although the exact timing varied from north to south. The reach of the ile was extended by the digging of irrigation canals which could also be used for moving water at times of low Oood. Canals are first attested in the Early Dynastic period and it is likely that the reliefs on the macehead of King SCORPION show the use of irrigation in the late PREDYNASTIC PERIOD. As soon as the inundation began to subside the farmers blocked canals in order to retain the water, which was not released for a further month and a half. In October or November the seed was broadcast by hand and then trampled in by sheep and goats (as well as pigs, according to Herodotus).

The principal crop was grain, including barley (Hordeum; particularly the six-rowed variety) and three types of wheat: emmer (Triticum dicocC/lm), einkorn (Triticum m01l0coccum) and spelt (Triticum spelta). These were used to make bread and beer, the two great staples of Egyptian life. The rich soil could support ar least two crops a year, but if a second was desired, during the summer.

NAQADA.

2009-10-13T09:44:00.000+02:00

NAQADA. Modern name for ancient Nubt, Greek Ombos. A site in Upper Egypt north of Thebes where important remains from the late Predynastic Period were excavated by Flinders Petrie in 1895. The name is now used to denote the final phase of predynastic culture, divided into the periods Naqada I (c. 3900–3600 BC); Naqada II (c. 3600–3200 BC), which is best attested by its painted designs on pottery; and Naqada III (c. 3200–3100 BC), when the elements of kingship (Dynasty 0) and writing are first discernible. See also ADAIMA; GERZEH; KAFR HASSAN DAOUD; MINSHAT ABU OMAR; TELL EL-FARKHA; TELL IBRAHIM AWAD.

Modern egyptian landmarks

2009-10-12T21:32:00.001+02:00

The Modern Landmarks in egypt:

Giza Zoo:

one of the most beautiful zoos in the world . established in 1890 on 80 acres . it contains several kind of animals and birds . also include a museum that established in 1906 contains many kinds of rarity birds and plants

The Andalus Garden:

established in 1935 on the system architecture of the Andalusian Buildings on area of 10536. Entrance is decorated like castles and fountain made of marble. And decorated with mosaics an are made of marble.

The Orman Gardeners :

One of the largest gardens in the world on an area of 28 acres. Established for more than a hundred years. The park boasts a rare and valuable trees and ornamental palm trees. .

Cairo Tower:

one of the most important modern landmarks in Cairo .. Built in 1961 on the island on the West Nile Bank is to build a cylindrical .. Height of about 187 meters, is the tallest tower constructed of cement in the world, has a wonderful entrance clothed in mosaic tiles and is topped by floors: the first of which is a mobile, land, visitor can enjoys watching the landmarks of Cairo using Installed Binoculars .. The restaurant was unique as a visitor to Eat his food as he watched the landmarks of Cairo, at the same time.

The Subway:

Cairo is the first city in the Middle East and Africa are held by a major project for the subway. This project involves two lines of the Metro long, about 62 km, during which goes around three million passengers a day across the capital and its suburbs.

NAPATA.

2009-10-11T21:52:00.003+02:00

NAPATA. First capital of the later kingdom of Kush in Nubia. The site

is 30 kilometers south of the Second Cataract and appears to have

been initially occupied during the New Kingdom. Following the

Egyptian withdrawal, a Nubian kingdom centered on Napata developed

and under Kashta and Piye, and finally Shabaqo conquered

Egypt as Dynasty 25 or the Napatan Dynasty. The area includes the

royal cemeteries at el-Kurru and Nuri and the holy mountain of Gebel

Barkal with its temple to Amun. The capital of the kingdom was

eventually transferred to the site of Meroe.

HYKSOS

2009-10-11T21:44:00.004+02:00

HYKSOS. The Greek form of the Egyptian Heka Khasut, “ruler of foreign

lands.” This title was used by the Egyptians for the various Asiatic

chieftains in Palestine and Syria. The later derivation of “shepherd

kings” is erroneous. The Egyptians were always wary of Asiatic

encroachment, and during Dynasty 12 Amenemhat I built a wall to

exclude unwanted Asiatics. Nevertheless, some immigration was permitted

as an Asiatic settlement grew up around Avaris, and Asiatic

travelers are depicted at Beni Hasan. During the Second Intermediate

Period, large numbers of Asiatics settled in Egypt and eventually

took over most of the country, founding the Hyksos Dynasty 15 and

adopting many of the attributes of Egyptian rulers. Thebes apparently

became a vassal state but ultimately rebelled and succeeded in

capturing the Hyksos capital at Avaris and driving them from Egypt

HEMIUNU

2009-10-11T21:36:00.003+02:00

HEMIUNU (fl. 2600-2560 BC). Egyptian prince of the Old Kingdom.

Probably identified with a like-named son of Nefermaat. He served

as vizier under Khufu. He was buried in a mastaba tomb at Giza. It

is speculated that he may have been in charge of the construction of

the Great Pyramid. A statue from his tomb is now housed in the

Pelizaeus Museum in Hildesheim, Germany

HAWARA.

2009-10-11T21:30:00.004+02:00

HAWARA. Modern name for the area in the Fayum where the pyramid

complex of Amenemhat III of Dynasty 12 was built. The remains

of the mortuary temple were later identified by the Greeks as

the Labyrinth. The area was excavated by Flinders Petrie from

1888–1889 and in 1911, when in a cemetery close to the complex he

discovered pits from the Roman Period that contained many burials

with finely painted mummy portraits. In 1955–1956, an Egyptian

expedition uncovered the intact burial of Princess Nefruptah, daughter

of the king.

HATNUB.

2009-10-11T21:22:00.004+02:00

HATNUB. Site in the Eastern Desert used as a quarry for Egyptian alabaster

from the Early Dynastic Period to the Roman Period. See

also AKORIS; GEBEL EL-HARIDI; GEBEL EL-SILSILA; MONS

CLAUDIANUS; MONS PORPHYRITES; SERABIT EL-KHADIM;

WADI EL-HUDI; WADI MAGHARA; WADI HAMMAMAT

HATHOR.

2009-10-11T21:15:00.002+02:00

HATHOR. Egyptian goddess of sexual love and music. She was originally

the mother of the sky god Horus and so mother of the king who

was identified with Horus. She was later regarded as the daughter of

Re and wife of Horus. She is depicted as a cow or human figure with

the ears of a cow or wearing a crown with the horns of a cow. Her

principal place of worship was Dendera, but she also had connections

with such desert and foreign areas as Serabit el-Khadim,

where she was worshipped as the lady of turquoise. She is also associated

as a protective deity with the necropolis area of Thebes

GEB.

2009-10-11T21:01:00.003+02:00

GEB. Egyptian god of the earth. Son of Shu and Tefnut, husband of the

sky goddess Nut, and father of Osiris, Isis, Seth, and Nephthys. According

to legend, Geb and Nut were separated in the act of sexual

union, and he can be depicted lying flat as the earth with the overvaulting

Nut as the sky

HARRIS PAPYRUS

2009-10-11T21:00:00.003+02:00

HARRIS PAPYRUS. Also known as Great Harris Papyrus or Papyrus

Harris I. It was acquired by collector Anthony Charles Harris

(1790–1869) from illicit excavations at Thebes in 1855, possibly at

Deir el-Medina. It is an account written during the reign of

Ramesses IV of the state of Egypt and its temples during the reign

of his father, Ramesses III, which the new king inherited. A historical

summary describes in general terms the rise of Dynasty 20 under

his grandfather, Sethnakhte. The papyrus is now housed in the

British Museum

SARAPIS.

2009-10-11T20:52:00.002+02:00

SARAPIS. Egyptian god prominent during the Graeco-Roman Period.

The name seems to have been derived from Osiris Apis, the deceased

form of the Apis bull worshipped at Memphis. The deity was

adopted by Ptolemy I and depicted with Greek features as a bearded

man similar to the Greek god Zeus but with attributes derived from

other Greek gods, like Dionysius and Aesculapius. Sarapis was promoted

to the head of the Egyptian pantheon and considered the husband

of Isis. He was regarded as a god of fertility and healing

SAKHMET

2009-10-11T20:44:00.002+02:00

SAKHMET. Egyptian goddess. Daughter of the sun god Re and wife

of the god Ptah of Memphis. She is usually depicted as a lionessheaded

human figure. She was regarded as fierce and bloodthirsty

and a destroyer of the king’s enemies, but she also had a healing

aspect. In Thebes she was identified with the goddess Mut, and

her statues were erected in the temple of Mut in the city

Famous landmarks in egypt

2009-10-11T14:36:00.000+02:00

Hurghada

Sharm el sheikh

The Luxor

Aswan

EDFU.

2009-10-10T22:48:00.003+02:00

EDFU. Modern name for a site on the west bank of the Nile in the second

nome of Upper Egypt, halfway between Thebes and Elephantine

(Aswan), ancient Egyptian Djeba, Greek Apollonopolis Magna,

where a major temple dedicated to the god Horus, which was rebuilt

DENDERA.

2009-10-10T22:40:00.003+02:00

DENDERA. Modern name for the Egyptian city of Iunet, later known

as Tentyris in Greek, capital of the sixth nome of Upper Egypt. The

site is known from the Early Dynastic Period, and there are tombs

from the First Intermediate Period, when the regional rulers were

semi-independent. Its main feature is the magnificent Graeco-Roman

temple dedicated to the goddess Hathor, from which came the famous

Dendera zodiac now in the Louvre Museum. The site was excavated

by Flinders Petrie from 1897–1898 and the University of

Pennsylvania from 1915–1918. The temple inscriptions are being

published by a French expedition. See

DEIR EL-BAHRI.

2009-10-10T22:33:00.005+02:00

DEIR EL-BAHRI. Modern name for a site on the cliffs of the western

bank of the Nile opposite Thebes. It was apparently first used to construct

the tomb and mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II of Dynasty

11 and the tombs of his successors, as well as the chief officials of the

court. During Dynasty 18 it was chosen as the site of the mortuary

temple of Queen Hatshepsut, the building of which was supervised

by her official, Senenmut. The temple is well preserved and is famous

for its reliefs of the expedition to Punt and the transportation

of an obelisk. Next to Deir el-Bahri a mortuary temple was constructed

by Thutmose III, but this shrine has been largely destroyed

by an earthquake, leaving only a pillared hall with Hathor capitals

and a chapel. The site became a Coptic monastery during the Christian

period but was later abandoned.

Deir el-Bahri was first excavated by Auguste Mariette in 1850,

1862, and 1866. Major excavations were undertaken in the Hatshepsut

temple from 1893–1896 and the Mentuhotep II temple from

1903–1907 by a British expedition of the Egypt Exploration Fund.

Further work in the area was carried out by Herbert Winlock of the

Metropolitan Museum of Art from 1911–1931. The Mentuhotep II

temple was reexamined by a German expedition from 1965–1972,

and the Hatshepsut temple has been the subject of excavation and

DAHSHUR.

2009-10-10T22:27:00.002+02:00

DAHSHUR. Modern name for the area south of Saqqara where several

royal tombs from Dynasty 4, Dynasty 12, and Dynasty 13 are

located. Two pyramids, the Bent and the Red, are assigned to Snefru

and were the first built as true pyramids from the start. The pyramids

of Amenemhat II, Senusret III, and Amenemhat III are also

located here, as well as the tombs of queens and princesses from

which much fine jewelry has been excavated. The tomb of King Hor

of Dynasty 13 has also been discovered. The area was excavated by

the French from 1894–1895; the Egyptians under Ahmad Fakhry

from 1951–1955; and the German Archaeological Institute, later

taken over by the Metropolitan Museum of Art beginning in 1980,

CHRONOLOGY

2009-10-10T22:20:00.001+02:00

CHRONOLOGY. The ancient Egyptian calendar consisted of a year of

360 days divided into the three seasons akhet (flood), peret (sowing)

and shemu (harvest), plus five extra days at the end of the year. Each

season was comprised of four months of 30 days and was in turn divided

into three weeks of 10 days of 24 hours split between night and

day. Because the calendar did not include the extra one-quarter day

of the earth’s rotation, the civil calendar gradually diverged from the

solar year so that the months moved, and the two only harmonized

briefly every 1,460 years. The solar year was measured from the annual

rising of the star Sirius, which becomes visible around July of

each year in the modern calendar.

A third calendar used for administrative purposes was the regnal

year initially based on the biennial cattle count during the Old Kingdom

and from the Middle Kingdom onward the king’s actual years,

although his first year was foreshortened, so the beginning of his second

might coincide with the beginning of the civil year. This practice

was abandoned during the New Kingdom when the full regnal year was

dated from the king’s accession, but calculation of the regnal year reverted

to the old system during the Late Period. Thus three different

dating systems—solar, civil, and regnal—were used during the New

Kingdom.

The conversion of Egyptian dates to the modern Julian calendar is

not exact. Dating from the Late Period is fixed by synchronisms

with Assyrian, Persian, Greek, and Roman dating systems. It is

known that the solar and civil calendars coincided in 139 AD, thus

the previous coincidence would have occurred 1,460 years earlier—

the period being known as a Sothic cycle—but the use of astronomical

references to the rising of the star Sirius are too unclear to be of

use. The most effective method for determining chronology is

through use of the detailed king lists known from such documents as

CANOPIC JARS.

2009-10-10T22:09:00.002+02:00

CANOPIC JARS. Modern term for the four jars in which the soft internal

tissues of the deceased were stored after the mummification of

the body. Canopic chests in which packages of these organs—the

liver, lungs, stomach, and intestines—were placed are known from

the early Old Kingdom, but actual jars with ovoid lids appeared

slightly later. By the Middle Kingdom, the set of jars dedicated to

the four sons of Horus had evolved. The jars were all originally human-

headed, but by the New Kingdom they bore separate heads—

human, baboon, jackal, and hawk. From Dynasty 21 onward, the internal

organs were wrapped in packages and placed in the body, but

the funerary equipment continued to include dummy canopic jars.

The use of actual jars was revived in Dynasty 26. The term canopic

derives from confusion with Canopus, a deity depicted as a humanheaded

jar during the Graeco-Roman Period

BUTO

2009-10-10T21:50:00.002+02:00

BUTO. Greek name for the Egyptian twin cities of Pe and Dep, also

known as Per-Wadjet, modern Tell el-Farain. Ancient capital city of

Lower Egypt whose principal deity was the cobra goddess Wadjet.

Some remains can be traced from the Predynastic Period until Roman

occupation. The site was briefly examined by Flinders Petrie in

1886 and excavated by Charles Currelly in 1904 and Veronica Seton-

Williams for the Egypt Exploration Society from 1964–1968 but

has since been examined more extensively by an Egyptian expedition

and a German expedition since 1985.

BUBASTIS

2009-10-10T21:37:00.002+02:00

BUBASTIS. Greek name for the Egyptian city of Per-Bastet, capital of

the 18th nome of Lower Egypt, now Tell Basta. The principal deity

worshipped in Bubastis was the cat-headed or lioness-headed goddess

Bastet. Remains have been found from the Old Kingdom, but

the town was most prominent in Dynasty 22, which is said to have

originated there. It was excavated by a British expedition from the

Egypt Exploration Fund from 1887–1889 and by Egyptian Egyptologists,

notably Labib Habachi in 1939 and from 1943–1944,

Shafik Farid from 1961–1967, Ahmad el-Sawi from 1967–1971, and

more recently Muhammad Bakr since 1978 and a joint expedition of

Zagazig University and Potsdam University since 1996

BOOK OF THE DEAD

2009-10-10T17:40:00.003+02:00

BOOK OF THE DEAD. The name given to a type of papyrus often

buried with the dead from the New Kingdom onward. The papyrus

contained a number of magical spells that would enable the deceased

to successfully reach the next world. The most important spell concerned

the ritual of the weighing of the heart against the feather of

maat to determine the deceased’s worthiness to enter the afterlife,

and the spell was supposed to fix the balance in the deceased’s favor.

Some books of the dead were decorated with elaborate vignettes and

scenes depicting funerals and rituals. Some were obviously produced

as special commissions, but there were stock examples available for

purchase in which the name of the deceased could be filled in blank

spaces or in some cases not filled in at all. See also RELIGION

GEBEL EL-ZEIT

2009-10-10T17:27:00.001+02:00

GEBEL EL-ZEIT. Modern name for a area in the Eastern Desert on the Red Sea coast north of modern Hurghada where the lead mines exploited by the ancient Egyptians from the Middle Kingdom to the New Kingdom were located. The site was discovered in 1982 and excavated from 1982–1986 by a French expedition. Apart from the mines, the site included small sanctuaries erected by the miners, notably to the deities Hathor, Horus, and Min, as well as graffiti. The lead was used for the production of eye makeup known by the Arabic word kohl.

GEBEL EL-SILSILA

2009-10-10T17:18:00.002+02:00

GEBEL EL-SILSILA. Ancient Khenu. A sandstone quarry on the

banks of the Nile between Thebes and Elephantine (Aswan) that

was used from the New Kingdom onward. There are remains of

rock-cut shrines, notably one of Horemheb.

ASKUT

2009-10-09T16:28:00.000+02:00

ASKUT. Modern name for the site of a fortress in the Second Cataract
region of Nubia. Egyptian Djer Setiu. It appears to have been constructed
during the Middle Kingdom as part of a series of fortresses
from Buhen to Semna by Senusret III to control the native Nubians.
The fortress was abandoned during the Second Intermediate Period
but reused during the New Kingdom. Askut was excavated in
1962–1964 by an expedition from the University of California at Los
Angeles before the site was flooded by Lake Nasser, the lake created
by the Aswan High Dam. See also ANIBA; BUHEN; KUMMA;
MIRGISSA; SEMNA; SHALFAK; URONARTI.

ASHAYET

2009-10-09T16:25:00.000+02:00

ASHAYET (fl. 2020 BC). A minor wife of Mentuhotep II of Dynasty
11. She was commemorated in a chapel and buried in a pit tomb at
his funerary complex at Deir el-Bahri. The chapel was discovered

during Henri Edouard Naville’s excavations at the site, but
Ashayet’s tomb was found largely intact by an American expedition
from the Metropolitan Museum of Art in excavations from
1920–1921. Her sarcophagus and mummy are now in the Cairo
Egyptian Museum. See also HENHENET; KAWIT; KEMSIT;
MYT; NEFRU; SADEH; TEM.

ARMANT

2009-10-09T16:21:00.000+02:00

ARMANT. Modern name for the Egyptian Iuny, Greek Hermonthis,
capital of the fourth nome of Upper Egypt until superseded by
Thebes. It was located on the west bank of the Nile opposite Tod.
The principal deity of the site was the god Montu, whose temple is
now destroyed. Archaeological remains date from the Predynastic
Period to the Roman Period, when it again became the nome capital.
The burials of the sacred ram Buchis have also been located. Armant
was excavated on behalf of the Egypt Exploration Society in
1927–1932, and the texts in the temple have been recorded by the
French Institute since 2002

APEREL

2009-10-09T16:14:00.000+02:00

APEREL (fl. 1370 BC). Northern vizier of Amenhotep III. His intact
tomb was excavated at Saqqara beginning in 1976, culminating in
the opening of the burial chamber in 1987. His existence was hitherto
unknown. Aperel’s name is Semitic, but his burial was thoroughly
Egyptian, so it cannot be necessarily assumed that he was of foreign
origin as Semitic names were sometimes used by Egyptians. See also
AMENEMHAT I; AY; HEMIUNU; IMHOTEP; INTEFYOKER;
KAGEMNI; MERERUKA; NEFERMAAT; PASER; PTAHHOTEP;
PTAHSHEPSES; RAMESSES I; REKHMIRE.

ANTINOOPOLIS

2009-10-09T16:10:00.000+02:00

ANTINOOPOLIS. Greek name of the city in Middle Egypt founded
by Hadrian in 130 AD in honor of his favorite, Antinous, who had
drowned in the Nile. Now modern Sheikh Ibada, it is located on the
east bank of the Nile opposite Hermopolis. The inhabitants were
drawn from the major Greek cities in Egypt. The site was originally
an Egyptian city with a temple erected by Ramesses II and has remains
dating from the Predynastic Period. Antinoopolis was excavated
by the French archaeologist Albert Gayet from 1895–1914, by
a British expedition from 1913–1914, and more recently by an Italian
expedition.

Saint Anthony

2009-10-09T16:07:00.001+02:00

ANTHONY (c. 251–356 AD). Egyptian saint and hermit. He was the
son of Christians from the village of Qiman, and upon their death, he
gave away his worldly possessions and lived the life of an ascetic
hermit near the village and later in the eastern desert. Anthony inspired
other hermits to live near him for a time, forming the first ascetic
community, although he himself moved to the desert to be on
his own. Several of his letters survive, and his life, written by
Athanasius, spread the idea of ascetic life in the Christian world. Pachomius,
another ascetic, was to change the solitary existence of the
hermit into that of a monastic community. See also ABRAHAM;
COPTIC CHURCH; SHENOUTE.

ANKHESENAMUN

2009-10-09T16:05:00.000+02:00

ANKHESENAMUN (fl. 1345–1327 BC). Formerly Ankhesenpaaten.
Third daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti and wife of Tutankhamun.
She joined her husband in the abandonment of her father’s
religious practices and capital at Amarna and changed her
name to remove the reference to Aten. Upon the death of her husband,
Ankhesenamun wrote to the Hittite king seeking a Hittite
prince as a new husband, but the choice, Zannanza, died mysteriously
on the way to Egypt. Her subsequent fate is unknown, although
it has been conjectured that she married the next king, Ay, as her
name appears joined with his on two rings. See also AMARNA PERIOD;
ANKHESENPAATEN-TASHERIT; BAKETATEN; MEKETATEN;
MERITAMUN; MERITATEN-TASHERIT; NEFERNEFRUATEN;
NEFERNEFRURE; SETEPENRE.

AMYRTAEUS

2009-10-09T16:00:00.000+02:00

AMYRTAEUS(reigned 404–399 BC). Greek name for the Egyptian
ruler of Dynasty 28, Amenirdis of Sais, who led a rebellion against
the Persian occupation and succeeded in expelling them from the
country. He apparently invaded Phoenicia to prevent a Persian counterattack.
No inscriptions of his are known, but Amyrtaeos is mentioned
in a demotic papyrus. Amyrtaeos was later overthrown by Nefaarud
I, founder of Dynasty 29.

AMUN

2009-10-09T15:55:00.000+02:00

AMUN. Chief god of the New Kingdom and later. Originally a minor
god at Thebes, he rose to prominence in Dynasty 12, which came
from the south, and was promoted to the head of the pantheon under
the Theban Dynasty 18 through a fusion with the sun god Re, becoming
Amen-Re, king of the gods. Amun is usually represented as
a human figure with two plumed feathers but can also have the head
of a hawk. He is viewed as one of the creator gods. His main temple
was at Karnak in Thebes, where he formed part of the Theban triad
with his wife, the goddess Mut, and his son, the moon god Khonsu.
He was later worshipped as one of the main gods in Nubia at Gebel
Barkal and other temples. His sacred animals were the ram and the
goose. See also RELIGION.

AMENMESSE

2009-10-09T15:49:00.000+02:00

AMENMESSE (reigned c. 1202–1199 BC). Throne name Menmire.
Of unknown parentage, he contended with Sety II for the throne
upon the death of Merenptah. Amenmesse was defeated and his
memory largely obliterated. He had prepared tomb KV10 in the Valley
of the Kings for his burial. See also DYNASTY 19.

AMENIRDIS

2009-10-09T15:47:00.000+02:00

AMENIRDIS. The name of two princesses of Dynasty 25 who were
adopted as God’s wife of Amun. Amenirdis I was the daughter of
Kashta and Pebtama, and her adoption by Shepenwepet I was an indication
of the control of Thebes exercised by the ruler of Nubia.
Amenirdis II, daughter of Taharqo, was adopted by Shepenwepet II
as her heir, but it is not certain if she succeeded, as Dynasty 25 was
ousted from Thebes by Psamtik I of Dynasty 26, who sent his
daughter, Nitocris, to become God’s wife

AMENEMOPE

2009-10-09T15:44:00.001+02:00

AMENEMOPE (reigned c. 993–984 BC). Throne name Usermaatre
setepenamun. Epithet meryamun. Fourth ruler of Dynasty 21 and
successor of Pasebakhaenniut I. Little is known of his reign. His
burial was discovered at Tanis by French excavator Pierre Montet.

AMENEMNISU

2009-10-09T15:42:00.000+02:00

AMENEMNISU (reigned c. 1043–1039 BC). Throne name Neferkare.
Second ruler of Dynasty 21 of unknown origin. He was cited in
Manetho by his throne name, which was generally considered to be
an error until an inscription with his titulary was discovered in the
tomb of Pasebakhaenniut I at Tanis. His reign appears to have been
brief. See also AMENEMOPE; NESBANEBDJED.

AMENEMHAT III

2009-10-09T15:39:00.000+02:00

AMENEMHAT III (reigned c. 1855–1808 BC). Throne name Nimaatre.
Son of Senusret III of Dynasty 12. His principal monuments are
located in the Fayum area, which seems to have been extensively developed
during his reign. He built two pyramids, one at Dahshur,
where he appears to have been buried, and another at Hawara, where
his mortuary temple was later known to the Greeks as the Labyrinth.
See also AMENEMHAT IV; NEFRUPTAH; SOBEKNEFRU.

AMENEMHAT II

2009-10-09T15:37:00.000+02:00

AMENEMHAT II (reigned c. 1922–1878 BC). Throne name
Nubkaure. Son of Senusret I of Dynasty 12 and Nefru. He continued
Egyptian expansion in Nubia and sent expeditions to the Red Sea
and Punt. An inscription gives details of campaigns in the Sinai
Peninsula and possibly further north. Amenemhat II maintained contacts
with Byblos. He was buried in a pyramid complex at Dahshur.
See also KHENEMET-NEFER-HEDJET; SENUSRET II.

AMENEMHAT I

2009-10-09T15:35:00.000+02:00

AMENEMHAT I (reigned c. 1985–1955 BC). Throne name Sehetepibre.
Son of Senusret and Nefret. He is first attested as vizier
of Mentuhotep IV of Dynasty 11 and must be identical to the
founder of Dynasty 12, although it is not clear if he came to the
throne peacefully or as a result of a coup d’état. Amenemhat I
proved a strong and effective ruler, establishing a new capital at
Itjtawy, now Lisht in the Fayum. He began the campaign of conquest
of Nubia and also built a series of fortifications along Egypt’s
Sinai border known as the Walls of the Ruler. He apparently installed
his son Senusret I as coregent, although this has been
doubted by some Egyptologists. Amenemhat I was assassinated after
30 years of rule in an apparent palace conspiracy that was later
crushed by his son. He was buried in a pyramid complex at Lisht.
A wisdom text in his name, The Instruction of Amenemhat I, was
composed after his death, presumably during his son’s reign. See
also INTEFYOKER; KHETY; SINUHE.

AMENEMHAT

2009-10-09T15:34:00.000+02:00

AMENEMHAT. The name of several Egyptian princes of Dynasty 18.
One is known solely from an inscription on a coffin that had been
made for his reburial toward the end of Dynasty 20 or early Dynasty
21 and was rediscovered in 1918–1920 at Deir el-Bahri. He has been
wrongly described as a son of Amenhotep I, but his actual parentage
remains unknown. His very existence might be doubtful if the later
embalmers were mistaken in their identification of the body, which
was that of a one-year-old child. The eldest son of Thutmose III,
who died before his father but was alive in his year 24 (1456 BC),
was named Amenemhat but cannot be identified with this child as his
titles indicate an older individual. Another Prince Amenemhat may
have been a son of Thutmose IV.

El-Amarna

2009-10-09T15:31:00.001+02:00

AMARNA. The modern Arabic name el-Amarna or Tell el-Amarna denotes
the site of the capital city Akhetaten founded by Akhenaten in
Middle Egypt in his year 5 (1348 BC). Akhenaten claimed to have
chosen a virgin site to become the new capital, away from the religious
intolerance of Thebes and where he was free to pursue the worship
of Aten. The site consists of the remains of royal palaces, villas,
temples, private dwellings, and a workmen’s village, and the boundaries
were marked by a series of stelae. The sculptor Thutmose’s
workshop yielded the famous bust of Nefertiti, now in the Berlin
Egyptian Museum. Tombs for officials were cut in the nearby cliffs,
and a royal tomb was built for the king. The scenes on the walls are
not fully preserved, but one depicts the death of the Princess Meketaten,
although the circumstances of her passing are unclear.
The city was abandoned by Tutankhamun and used as building
material by later rulers, notably Ramesses II. The site was first excavated
by Flinders Petrie in 1891–1892 and then a German expedition
in 1907 and 1911–1914. The tombs were copied by an expedition
of the Egypt Exploration Fund in 1901–1907. In 1921–1936,
further excavations were carried out by the British organization, renamed
the Egypt Exploration Society, and work was resumed under
its auspices in 1977.

ALEXANDRIA

2009-10-09T15:29:00.000+02:00

ALEXANDRIA. City on the Mediterranean coast of the western Delta
founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BC on the site of the Egyptian
village of Rakedet, Greek Rakotis. It became the capital of Ptolemaic
and Roman Egypt and included many fine buildings, notably
the famed Library of Alexandria and the Pharos, or Lighthouse, of
Alexandria, regarded as one of the seven wonders of the ancient
world. Alexander’s body was preserved in a special mausoleum in the
city. The city was also decorated with Egyptian monuments removed
from earlier sites, notably Heliopolis. The large cosmopolitan population
included Egyptians, Greeks, and Jews.
The city later suffered damage from earthquakes and invasion and
declined following the move of the capital to Cairo after the Arab
conquest in 642 AD. Many parts of the city appear to have sunk beneath
the harbor. Little of the ancient metropolis remains today, apart
from the area adjacent to the so-called Pompey’s Pillar. Excavations
by successive directors of the Graeco-Roman Museum have uncovered
many local burial catacombs with reliefs in a mixed Egyptian-
Roman style. Since 1960, a Polish expedition has worked at the site
of Kom el-Dikka uncovering a theater and baths. AFrench rescue expedition
excavated part of the main cemetery at Gabbari from
1997–2000, prior to the construction of a new expressway. Recent
surveys by teams of French divers have begun to reveal the parts of
the city now underwater and recovered Egyptian sculptures and reliefs.
Blocks in the sea near the fort of Qait Bey have been identified
as belonging to the original lighthouse.

AKHMIM

2009-10-09T14:13:00.000+02:00

AKHMIM. Modern name for the Egyptian Khent-Min, Greek Khemmis
or Panopolis in the ninth Upper Egyptian nome. Little remains
of the ancient city under the modern town. Akhmim is the home city
of Ay. In 1981, colossal statues of Ramesses II and his daughter and
Queen Meritamun were discovered there. Unsupervised excavations
at the end of the 19th century led to the discovery of many textiles
and textile fragments from the Coptic Period. The nearby tombs
of the Old Kingdom at el-Hawawish were copied and published by
an Australian expedition from Macquarie University in 1979–1992.
See also ATHRIBIS; MIN.

AITAKAMA

2009-10-09T14:09:00.000+02:00

AITAKAMA(fl. 1350–1320 BC). Ruler of Kadesh. Son of Shutatarra,
ruler of Kadesh. Loyal of Egypt, his father was defeated and deposed
by the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I, and Aitakama was installed in
Kadesh as a Hittite vassal. He joined Aziru of Amurru in attacks on
Egyptian territory, yet he wrote an Amarna letter declaring his loyalty
to Egypt. Upon the death of his Hittite overlord, he broke this allegiance
but was assassinated by a son who returned to the Hittite
fold.

AHMOSE II

2009-10-09T14:06:00.000+02:00

AHMOSE II (reigned 570–526 BC). The Greek form of his name is
Amasis. Throne name Khnumibre. A military commander of Wahibre
(Apries), whom he overthrew following a brief civil war. He
sought to ally Egypt with the Greeks to face the continuing threat of
Persia, including a marriage alliance with Laodike, a Greek lady
from Cyrene. Ahmose II ruled effectively for 45 years and died conveniently
just before the Persian invasion of 525 BC, as a result of
which his son, Psamtik III, was deposed and later executed

AHMOSE

2009-10-09T14:04:00.000+02:00

AHMOSE (fl. 1560–1500 BC). Military officer. Son of Baba, a soldier
of King Seqenenre Tao, and his wife Ebana, from whose name her

son is generally known as Ahmose, son of Ebana. He was the owner
of a tomb at Elkab, which contains a major autobiographical inscription
describing his exploits in the wars against the Hyksos. Ahmose
was present at the siege of Avaris and later took part in campaigns
in Palestine, Syria, and Nubia under Ahmose I, Amenhotep
I, and Thutmose I. See also WARFARE.

AHHOTEP

2009-10-09T13:57:00.000+02:00

AHHOTEP (fl. 1570–1540 BC). Sister and queen of probably Seqenenre

Tao of Dynasty 17 and thus daughter of Senakhtenre and

Tetisheri. She was the mother of Ahmose I, who founded Dynasty

18, and his sister-wife Ahmose-Nefertari. Ahhotep apparently acted

as regent of her son on his accession and exercised great influence

during his reign. A second queen, Ahhotep, is known from a burial at

Thebes and is probably to be identified as a queen of Kamose or Seqenenre

Tao. The gilded coffin from this burial and jewelry are now

in the Cairo Egyptian Museum.

AHA

2009-10-09T13:51:00.000+02:00

AHA (reigned c. 3080 BC). Second king of Dynasty 1. Successor of
Narmer, as confirmed by the dynastic seal. He appears to have been
buried at Abydos, and tombs of officials of his reign are known at
Saqqara. Aha is probably not to be identified as Menes. He was succeeded
by Djet, who was probably his son and whose mother was
Khenethap.

ADAIMA

2009-10-09T13:48:00.000+02:00

ADAIMA. Modern name for a site on the west bank of the Nile south
of Esna in Upper Egypt. It contains the remains of a settlement and
cemeteries from the Naqada I Period of the Predynastic Period to
the Early Dynastic Period. Adaima was first excavated on behalf of
the Brooklyn Museum from 1906–1908. The site was examined by a
team from the French Institute in 1973 and since 1989 by a French
expedition. See also GERZEH; KAFR HASSAN DAOUD; MINSHAT
ABU OMAR; TELL EL-FARKHA; TELL IBRAHIM AWAD.

ABUSIR

2009-10-09T13:07:00.000+02:00

ABUSIR. Modern name for the area between Giza and Saqqara that served as the burial place for the kings and ourtiers of Dynasty 5 and also the location of temples dedicated to the sun god Re. Four pyramids with their temples have been found here. The area was examined by a German expedition under Friedrich von Bissing and then

under Ludwig Borchardt in 1898–1913, followed by a Swiss expedition in 1954–1957, and it has been excavated by a Czech expedition since the 1960s. See also NEFERIRKARE; NIUSERRE; RANEFEREF;

SAHURE.

ABYDOS

2009-10-09T06:43:00.001+02:00

ABYDOS. Greek name for the sacred city of Abdju in Upper Egypt
and burial place of Osiris, god of the dead, located south of modern
Sohag. The kings of Dynasty 0, Dynasty 1, and Dynasty 2 were
buried there at the site now known as Umm el-Qaab. The local god,
Kentiamentiu, became identified with Osiris, who was believed to be
buried there. In the Middle Kingdom, with the growth in worship of
Osiris, the site became a place of pilgrimage and a desirable location
for burial. In the New Kingdom, temples were erected by Sety I and
Ramesses II, as well as a cenotaph for Osiris, the Osireion.
The area was excavated by French archaeologists Auguste Mariette
in the 1850s and Émile Amélineau in 1894–1998. The Egypt Exploration
Fund worked here under Flinders Petrie and later other
archaeologists in 1899–1904, 1909–1914, and 1925–1930, and also
sponsored the copying of the temple of Sety I since 1928. Another
British archaeologist, John Garstang, was active in 1907. Excavations
have been carried out by an American expedition from Yale
University and the University of Pennsylvania since 1967, German
archaeologists in the archaic cemetery since 1977, and an American
team from the University of Michigan in the Old Kingdom cemetery
since 1995. See also AHA; ANEDJIB; DEN; DJER; DJET;
NARMER; QAA; SEMERKHET.

ABU ROASH

2009-10-09T06:33:00.000+02:00

ABU ROASH. Modern name for the site of the funerary complex of
Djedefre of Dynasty 4, which includes the remains of his pyramid
and associated temples, as well as a major cemetery of the Early Dynastic
Period and a pyramid of Dynasty 3. The site has been excavated
by French expeditions since 1901, notably under Fernand Bisson
de la Roque in 1922–1924 and Pierre Montet in 1937; a Dutch
expedition in 1957–1959; and a joint French–Swiss team since 1995.

ABDI-ASHIRTA

2009-10-09T06:27:00.000+02:00

ABDI-ASHIRTA (fl. 1350 BC). Ruler of Amurru. He was a vassal of the Egyptians in Syria. His career is known from the Amarna letters. Abdi-Ashirta embarked on a battle of conquest against his neighbors with the help of the Habiru. Abdi-Ashirta argued that his acts were in Egypt’s best interest and protested his loyalty to the pharaoh. He was later arrested by the Egyptian authorities and possibly executed. His son, Aziru, succeeded him

Ras El-Teen Palace

2009-10-07T12:01:00.001+02:00

Ras El-Teen Palace is one oldest palace in Egypt, and overlooking the Mediterranean city of Alexandria. Palace and head figs a historical landmark and archaeological sites in Alexandria, and historic importance of this palace that the palace and the only one who has witnessed the emergence of the family of Mohamed Ali Pasha in Egypt, which lasted about one hundred and 50 years, and is the largest palaces in Alexandria, which enter the phone year in 1879 the end of the reign of Khedive Ismail, take it off before the throne of Britain. And is the same palace, which saw the end of the rule of the family in upper Egypt when he saw off King Farouk and saw the departure into exile from Italy on board the royal yacht guarded the port of Ras fig.

Cathedral of St. Mark's

2009-10-07T11:42:00.001+02:00

Cathedral of St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church Cathedral, built on land next to the Saint-Royce Batrsip the church and built by Boutros Boutros-Ghali Pasha.

Located in the district Abbasid. Built in the sixties of the last century, with contributions from President Gamal Abdel Nasser to build the cathedral, several thousands of pounds, attended the opening ceremony, along with Emperor Haile Selassie Emperor of Abyssinia (Ethiopia), and was then Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of Saint Mark is a Bishop Kyrillos VI, who was elected after Pope Shenouda III. Cathedral of St. Mark's Coptic Orthodox Church is the Pope of Alexandria headquarters in Cairo.

St. Mark Church

2009-10-07T11:30:00.001+02:00

Is the first Coptic Orthodox church is built in the district of Egypt, Heliopolis The idea of the Established Church in 1917 and formed a committee for the position of Abbas Street in laying the foundation stone on Friday, June 16th 1922 under the auspices of Pope Cyril VI and attended St. USAP Bishop of Fayoum and Giza started praying regularly the church until 1930 when construction was completed and began to pray in the church, as was the altar of Ms. Virgin is the baptism

Palace Baron Empain

2009-10-07T11:12:00.003+02:00

Baron Empain Palace, an ancient palace a stunning beauty and is located in the heart of Heliopolis, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt, in a street Arabism specifically on the main road to Cairo International Airport and oversees the palace on the street Arabism and Ibn Battuta and Ibn Jabir Hassan Sadiq · designed by French architect Alexandre Marcel Marcel Alexander (in 1860 - 1928) and decorated by Georges-Louis Claude Louis Claude George (1879 - 1963) and was completed in 1911

Built by millionaire Belgian Baron Edouard Empain (September 20 1852 - July 22 1929),
who came to Egypt from India at the end of the nineteenth century, shortly after the opening of the Suez Canal, where he remained in Egypt and chose a dessert place (at the time) to build his palace in the center of suburb of Heliopolis, which Onconha near the capital Cairo and Suez as well, his choice fell on the design engineer, a Frenchman, Marcel Alexander, who shows the design of the short adapt European models and the Indian engineering exhibition in Paris in 1905 where he was impressed by the Baron and was bought to be one first building decorated Desert of Egypt New in 1911, bringing together between the two methods in the design of architects, one from the Palace of the Renaissance, especially for foreign statues and the wall of the palace, but the palace itself belonged to the Cambodian-style dome long sweetened statues of Buddha, bringing the Marble Palace from Italy, crystal from Czechoslovakia, and occupies the palace and extensive gardens A 12,500 square meters and finished construction of the palace of the world in 1911. A unique architectural masterpiece of its kind on the grounds that the only palace in the world that escapes him in the sun all day, was that the construction of the concrete base on Billy Bearings spin on the wheels so that it surrounds the palace including (every hour) to see standing in the balcony of what is going on around him and followed the sun in rotation throughout the daylight hours. Provided the palace homeworkers and Entourages and began the ceremonies and the hills and to ensure Artadh community leaders who were the focus of his concerts until the death of Baron in Belgium, in 1929 of cancer.

Giza Zoo

2009-10-06T15:31:00.000+02:00

Giza Zoo or animals in the garden of Giza was founded in 1891 ^. Is the largestzoo in Egypt and the Middle East, and the first and oldest zoos in Africa. Was called "the crown jewel of the zoos in Africa.

Al-Azhar Mosque

2009-10-06T15:16:00.000+02:00

Al-Azhar Mosque (359 ~ 361 AH) / (970 ~ 975 m). Is one of the most important mosques in Egypt, most notably in the Islamic world. A mosque and the University for more than a thousand years, although it was established for dissemination of doctrine Shia when it was conquered Egypt at the hands of the essence of Sicilian leader Muizz the first Fatimid caliph in Egypt, he is studying the doctrine of Islam as a Sunni. Having founded the city of Cairo has begun to establish Al-Azhar mosque and completed in the month of Ramadan in the year 361 AH = AD 972 is the first mosque was incepted in the city of Cairo is the oldest impact Fatmi based in Egypt. The historians have disagreed in the origin of this mosque is named, most likely named after the Fatimid Prince Al-Azhar Fatima Zahra daughter of the Prophet and a tribute to anniversary. Mosque and a school to train preachers of the Fatimids, the lobby of the doctrine of the Ismaili Shia (Shi'ite Pentecostal), which was the doctrine of the Fatimids. It was built following the opening of the essence of Egypt in the 11 August the year 358 AH / July 969 AD. As a basis the city of Cairo on August 17 in 358 AH to be the capital of the Fatimid worm coming from Mahdia, Tunisia, and the city of soldiers west of the cliffs. And lay the foundation Palace Caliph goats to the religion of God and the foundation stone for Al-Azhar mosque in Ramadan, 14 year AH 359 / AD 970.

Ras Sidr

2009-10-06T14:59:00.002+02:00

Ras Sudr City Egypt located on the Gulf of Suez and Red Sea coast, follow the province of South Sinai, made up of three areas: Wadi Sidr, Sidr, Abu Soerp. The region knew since the time of the ancient Egyptians and the Prophet Moses andJesus and the Greeks and Romans. Increasingly frequented by tourists, the region has sandy beaches of a few herbs and sea salt, and the waters calm. There are tourist attractions such as "Castle Soldier" or "castle Sidr", a citadel of rock found during the armies went Salah al-Dinto fight the Crusaders, and also the baths of Pharaoh and the famous water ran from the mountain and is a tourist attraction, besides the cave inscriptions, Ain Ras Sidr sulfate. Majority of the city inhabited Sinai Bedouins who live in the areas of Wadi Abu Sidr and Soerp As for Sidr, the center of the city most of inhabitatents Valley of the Nile came to work. Ras Sidr on the Cairo and 200 kilometers through the Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel, there is the area of Ras Sidr Airport, also there are some fields of oil nearby. Sandy beach extends for 95 km along the area where the resort of Ras Sidr and the area attract amateur bird watchers and especially birds, quail and mountain goats found in the region, also found in the region baths and eyes water Liberianormal hospital, of which discovered nearly 5000 years ago, up the temperature to 75 degrees Celsius, including the eyes of Moses and Valley named Traci. The city has several tourist villages and hotels on the beach and the greatest number of Egyptian tourists due to the proximity of Ras Sidr from Cairo besides foreign tourism, also known as Ras Sudr tourism safari, which is famous for.

Early dynasty-first dynasty

2009-10-03T16:35:00.005+02:00

king" narmer";-was egyptian pharaoh who ruled in the 31.century b.c thought to be the successor to the predynastic kings scorpion or "selk"or "ka" he is considered by some to be the unifier of egypt and founder of the first dynasty ,and therefore the first king of all egypt there is a growing consensus that scorpion and "NarMer "are identical but no identification with any early king can yet be definitively proven.

the famous"NarMeR"palette;discovered in 1898 in HieraKonpolis,it shows NarMer displaying the insignia of both upper and lower egypt, giving rise to the theory that he unified the two kingdoms in 3100 B.C.

traditionally "MENES" is credited with that unification, and he is listed as being the first king manethon's list of kings ,so this find has caused controversy.

some egyptologists hold that "MENES'' and "NARMER''are the same person ,some hold that "MeNES"is the same person as ''HoR-AHA''and that he inherited an already -unified egypt from ''NARMer''others hold that'' NArMEr''began the process of unification but either didnot succeed

or succeeded only partially, leaving it to "MeNeS''to complete arguments have been made that ''NarMEr''is "MENES"because of his appearance on several ostraca in conjuction with the gameboard hieroglyph,MN,which appears to be acontemporary record to the other wise mythical king.

Cairo Opera House

2009-10-03T13:53:00.000+02:00

Cairo Opera House, or the National Cultural Center opened in 1988 and located in the new Mbenha Chdi and which was donated by the Government of Japan for their Egyptian counterparts to the land of the island in Cairo and had built the house on the Islamic model. This is a great cultural monument, which opened on October ten in 1988, is an alternative to the Opera House floors built by Khedive Ismail year 1869 and burned in the October 28 year 1971 after having been a beacon of culture for 102 years. This is because the history of the Old Opera House to the period of the booming era of Khedive Ismail in all areas of Khedive Ismail ordered the construction of the Opera House floors District Uzbek central Cairo at the opening of the Suez Canal, where I intend to invite a lot of kings and queens of Europe were built opera in six months Only after the development of design engineers Ovoscany Italians, Russians and the desire of the Khedive Ismail, heading towards the Opera inaugurated by the Egyptian Opera House floors are Aida has put her music, Italian composer Verdi but circumstances prevented submission at the time of the opening ceremony, introduced the opera Rigoletto at the official opening which was attended by Khedive Ismail and the Empress Eugenie, Napoleon III's wife and the King of Austria, Crown Prince of Prussia. The Opera House which was burnt out dawn Khedivial October 28 year 1971 can accommodate up to 850 people and there was a place reserved for VIPs and characterized by that house grandeur and luxury.

Babylon Fortress

2009-10-03T13:46:00.000+02:00

Fortress of Babylon is now in the Coptic Cairo station at the Mar Girgis metro tunnels and was the emperor Trajan ordered built in the second century AD during the reign of the Roman occupation of Egypt and the repaired and expanded and strengthened, the Roman emperor Arcadius in the fourth century saw the mark as Coptic thick disco Pasha. Castle Trajan and these are not mentioned by the ancient fortress of Isterabu and the location to the south from the palace of wax near Deir Papillon year. Note that I use in building stones taken from the pharaonic temples and completed the red brick measured 30/20/15 cm was left of the buildings of the fort, only the southern gate flanked by two large Brhan - was built over one tower from the tribal Hanging Church - also built on top of the tower at the entrance Tribal Museum St. George's Church of the Roman Romanian Orthodox (Melkite) while the rest of the fort, and on the rest of the fence in some parts of the east, and tribal and Western churches were built - outstanding - and Abu Srjp - and St George - and the Virgin coercive Reehan - the Monastery of the Sisters of St George - Barbara and six - and the Temple of the Jews 641 m fell fortress of Babylon in the hands of Amr ibn al-Aas after a siege that lasted nearly seven months 18 Rabi 20 e and the fall marked the entry of Islam in Egypt. Select Ibn Al dessert is a place of strategic military site north of Fort Babylon and established the city of Fustat over several hills hope Mokattam Herquaokhalafh fluent in the dessert which the Arabs hit-and-run war and the west Nile and Ford pond to the south and turkeys are Maanaan normal. Built by Amr Ibn Al-Fustat city fortress city and the fortress city of Babylon to be recruited for the Arabs. Hosn Palace, known as the Roman fortress of Babylon or wax and covers an area about half of a square kilometer and is located inside the Coptic Museum and six Coptic churches and a monastery. Palace to name the wax on this fort also because in the first of each month Stokes was wax on one turret of the fort that shows the sun and teaches people-powered movement of the sun the wax from the tower to another.

Bab Zuweila

2009-10-03T13:34:00.000+02:00

Zouila door or gate incumbent is one door of Old Cairo in the capital, the Egyptian Cairo. And is known for being a door or gate, which was suspended the heads of Russell Hulagu commander Tatars threatened him when they came to the Egyptians, and was executed by the sultan, Touman Bay when he opened the first sound and annexed Egypt to the Ottoman state. Bab Zuweila Section was set up in 485 Hijri (1092 AD), and consists of a huge mass of structural depth 25 meters and 25.72 meters wide and 24 meters from the street level. Section consists of two towers with round pins highlight the third cluster of plant outside the fence and mediates the towers open corridor leading to the entrance door and rise towers to two-thirds of the rise in building solid and comes in the upper third of each chamber defense covered intersects with linear basement vault accidentally.

St. Mark's Cathedral Balozbugep

2009-10-03T13:30:00.000+02:00

Cathedral of St. Mark's Coptic Orthodox Balozbugeh Cairo follow the Coptic Orthodox Church. Was to obtain a license to build a church or to do the repair and restoration of the destroyed ancient churches at the time of the teacher is essential Ibrahim is very difficult from the governing body, and there was that one princess came from Istanbul to Egypt on their way to spend the Hajj, Ibrahim Vihtm teacher about them and what led you want from the services and duties of comfort to the fullest and gave her a precious gift to them, and show Mkavith She wanted his name to the Sultan for something of which seek the issuance of decree (order) Sultani licensing Balozbugep him to build a church, where the place of residence, and gave her some other requests for clergy , the Sultan issued the warrant, and sought, between other things, including raising the tribute of monks and other things, and then bought the master Ibrahim substantial shops and demolished and construction began and the foundation work in a large piece of land that I own, but Aajlth away before starting to build the church Votmha teacher brother George fundamental